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Noun formation. I. Forming nouns from verbs. A. We can form nouns from many verbs (mostly those of Latin origin) by adding different endings. 1. The endings -or & -er are used to make nouns describing people: to kill to wait to direct to act to teach to train 2. The ending -ment is used mostly to make nouns describing results of actions: to improve to enjoy to enhance to require to excite to achieve 3. The endings -ion & -tion are used mostly to describe processes or conclusions of processes: to identify to progress to admit to participate to suspend to explain to permit B. We can form nouns from verbs of other origins irregularly. 1. With some words, a vowel sound in the word will change. Usually this change shortens the vowel. Sometimes the ending will change as well. to sing to choose to shoot to freeze to feed 2. With some words, the noun form is the same as the verb. to show to lift to plan to shout 3. With some words we can add an ending to make it a noun. to know II. Forming nouns from adjectives. A. We can form nouns from many adjectives (mostly those of Latin origin) by changing their endings. 1. Nouns with the ending -ity are usually, but not always, formed from adjectives with the ending -ive: active creative but secure passive but similar but to identify 2. Nouns with the ending -ce are usually, but not always, formed from adjectives with the ending -ant or -ent: different ignorant but to defend perseverant competent diligent confident B. We can make nouns from adjectives by removing endings such as -al, -ful, -able. intellectual beautiful successful knowledgeable C. We can add the ending -ness to adjectives to make nouns usually to describing a characteristic. quiet polite D. Some adjectives of a non-Latin origin form nouns irregularly. Usually, both the vowel shortens and the ending changes. wide deep long III. Forming nouns from nouns. We can make nouns from other nouns by adding different endings: A. The ending -dom is used to make nouns that describe domain: king but free B. The ending -hood is used to make nouns that describe condition or a group: neighbor child C. The ending -ship is used to make nouns that describe condition or skill: friend craftsman Forming antonyms. We can make some antonyms using prefixes. I. Some words take the prefix in- to make antonyms. dependent attentive equality formal But, depending on the spelling of the word, the prefix may be slightly different. Words beginning with p or m take the prefix im- to make antonyms. mature possible Words beginning with L take the prefix il- to make antonyms. liberal logical II. Some words take the prefix un- to make antonyms. natural kind III. Some words take the prefix non- to make antonyms. sense basic man