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There's a lot of history here. The easiest way to deal with it in a digestible format seems to be to give a chronology of the major events to begin with. We're going to use that as a framework to hang bits and pieces on later. 7500 BC First Stone age settlements at Çatalhüyük 1900-1300 BC 1250 BC 1200-700 BC Hittite Empire with Hattusas as capital, contemporary with ancient Egypt and Babylon The Trojan war and the fall of Troy Migration of Greeks to Aegean coastal regions. Establishment of the Phrygian, Ionian, Lycian, Lydian, Carian and Pamphylian Kingdoms. The East of Turkey is the home of the Urartians Homer is born in Izmir (Smyrna). Aegean Hellenism begins Cyrus the Great leads the Persians into Anatolia Alexander the Great drives out the Persians The Romans incorporate Anatolia as the province of Asia, controlled from Ephesus (Efes) 700 546 334 130 BC BC BC BC 40 BC 47-57 AD 313 330 527-65 638-718 1054 1071-1243 1096-1204 1288 1453 1520-66 1682-1725 1854 1909 1914 1915 1919 1923 1938 1939-45 1946 1952 1960 1964 1974 1980 1983 1985-90 1991-93 1993-96 1997-98 Antioch sees the marriage of Antony and Cleopatra St. Paul spreads Christianity and a community at Antioch is established Roman Empire adopts Christianity Constantine lays out the boundaries of his new capital, Constantinople Glory of Byzantium under Justinian Muslim Arabs besiege Constantinople Greek and Roman Churches split over theology Rise and rule of the Selcuk Turks in Anatolia, Konya is their capital The Crusades, marking the beginning of the end for Byzantium, a fascinating period in Byzantine history Ottoman Empire appears in Bursa The fall of Constantinople - the birth of Istanbul Suleyman the Magnificent sits on the Ottoman throne controlling a huge and powerful empire Peter the Great initiates Russo-Turkish rivalry Crimean war Abdul Hamid, the last of an unbroken line of Ottoman sultans is deposed Turkey allies with Germany in the first world war Gallipoli Ataturk leads resistance to the allied plan to carve up Turkey Foundation of the modern Republic of Turkey by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Many things happen all at once Ataturk dies in Istanbul's Dolmabahce palace Turkey manages to remain neutral during the second world war Charter membership of the UN Turkey joins NATO Military coup, successive governments ineffective Associate member status of EU Cyprus crisis Kanan Evren leads military coup. 3 years of military government Turgut Ozal elected prime Minister Full EU membership for Turkey impeded by Cypriot issue and questions over human rights record Suleyman Demirel elected Prime Minister, inflation at 70% Demirel President, Tansu Ciller Prime Minister, Turkey joins EU Customs Union 5 attempts at forming coalition governments, Islamic Welfare party disbanded, reforms as Virtue and is the largest single party in parliament. Military intervenes to prevent Islamicists forming governments. 75th Anniversary of the Turkish Republic (and 15th of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus) celebrated. HISTORY When discussing history it is always difficult to know from which period to actually begin. The earlier civilizations of Anatolia cannot be ignored. Some historians take the advent of the Turks into Anatolia 6000 BC. It has to be noted that civilizations are never built without foundations. Just like a wall made of bricks, they are all established upon former civilizations. Therefore it is quite possible to see traces of the very earliest cultures inherent in those that followed. As a great world crossroads, the land has seen the struggles and accommodations to each other of the Hattis, and the Assyrians, the Sea peoples, the trojans and the Greeks, the Byzantines, the Crusaders, abd the Seljuks,the Ottomans, The Kurds, The Armenians and the Turks, to name only the most well-known.More than once the personal loyalties have been weighted more on the side of a desire for feuding,or for land, or for tolarence than they have been enclaves of people-identified often not by themselves but by their enemies in terms of religion, language or family-who because of the very rugged topography have maintained their culture unresponsive to and ignored by whatever group claimed to rule the land . Another major element in the long history is the importance of the trade routes that made a network linking Anatolia to the East, to Egypt and to Europe. The roads usually followed the paths of least Resistance; they went over mountain passes, along the river valleys and across the safest fords. As Fully as their builders were able to engineer them, they were all-weather roads;they often were elevated high ways. They were politically important in that they were part of the mechanism keeping A government in Rome or in Susa in touch with wat was happening in Sardis,for example. They were important economically in enabling goods and services to move with dispacts. They were important tools in faciliating the communication of ideas.The spread of Christianity and later of İslam followed the trade routes. Regularly at about the distance that could be travelled in a day there was some kind of shelter for people and their animals to spend the night. Many of the towns and cities evolved as part of the system of roads, shelters, caravansaries and marketplaces.Besides the routes on land people also used a relay of fire towers to communicate quickly over long Distances. Crusader castles were sited on hilltops so as tbe the places of defense and alarm,so as to be able to signal to each other. Between 2000 and 12000 BC, the civilization of incoming Hittites, as they came to be known, was caught up in the dominant culture.The Hittites are a people mentioned frequently in the Bible (Old Testament).Hattis, Hurrians and Luwians and assumed in time a character and significance of its own. The Hittite civilization directly affected its own sucessors, Urartians, Hellenes and Etruscans.After all,Since the civilizations are the creation of soceities not races, their characters are passed on by socialTraditions not blood ties;so, for example,the ancient Greek Mythology and religion in one direction,no less than Urartian in the other show market Hittite influence. Then, the peoples of Turkey did not form a single society. There were numerous societies with different metarial, spirtitual and linguistic conventions;each built up its own tradition, preserved and then transmitted it. Thus, at the time of Hittite Empire,when over 20 languages were in use, intercourse among peoples had already begun to draw to a larger human mosaic. This produced a socail pattern, both geographically and historically in which traditions were blended, discoveries and inventions passed on and most important, customs and habits diffused. For instance, myths and epics borrowed from the Hittites from outside, particularly in Babylon, traveleld extensively through other cultures of the ancient world, from the Sumerian of the 4th and 3rd milennia in mesopotemia as far in time and space as the Hellenisatic period of western Turkey and the Agean. And the passage of time was maked by the development of language into something far more complex than a mere wehicle for the transmission of tradition and experience. Its utilisation for the expression of ideas and concepts saw the emergence of western Turkey by the 6C BC as the home of philosophy. Thales,Anaximander, Anaimenes, Heraclitus established the area as the cultural heart of the world’s landscape. The mid 4C BC heralded the thesut of the accumulated civilization of the classical period .Throughout the surrounding regions of the so called Near East and the Mediterrrenean, until blocked By the rise of Rome some two venturies later. For the eastward conquest of Alexander of Macedon prompted the mutual accommodation of the cultures of Asia and Europe, and the development of the Earliest urban centres of the Hellenistic Age- the coastal cities of Pergamum, Ephesus, Priene, Miletus and Didyma. The cultural equals of Rome in its heyday, these cities with their flourishing art had a direct and improtant influence on the civilization of the Roman Empire and no less on its eastern Roman successor right up to the Byzantine zenith in 10C BC. Subsequently, as the region came to be dominated by the Seljuk Turks in the 11C AD, their particular mastery in,for example, the building of medreses ( Islamic Institutes of higher education), hospitals, observatories, bridges and caravesaries-as well as carpet weaving and other crfats- made its own distinctive contrubiton. Then, from the 13-20 C AD, one of the world’s most durable imperial dynasties, the Ottomans,impressed its own seal on the culture of Turkey and created a vast territorial empire, based on the strength and integrity of this cultural resource-base. And so we come to modern Turkey,- which was established Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in the beginning of 20 th C-