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Name: ___________________________________ Period: _____ Date: ____________________
RG Ch 23 & 24: Bacteria &Viruses
23.1: Prokaryotes
1. What is a prokaryote and where do they live (there are many places)?
2. __________________________ and _________________________ are the two main
branches, or domains, of prokaryotes. What molecule was this split based on
and when was this discovered?
3. Archaea are different from bacteria in many ways. They differ in

the makeup of their ________________ __________________. Describe how

their ________________________ lipids, ________________________ and
_______________________________.
There are three kinds of Archaea. Describe what is unique about each:
4. Methanogens
5. Halophiles
6. Thermoacidophiles
7. Bacteria occur in three basic shapes:

rod shaped bacteria are called _______________________________

sphere shaped bacteria are called _____________________________. When they
occur in chains they are called __________________________, when they occur in
clusters they are called _____________________________.

spiral shaped bacteria are called _____________________________
8. Describe what a Gram Stain is and how it is used to classify bacteria.
Describe the impact each of the following groups of bacteria has on humans. If there
are good and bad things, both should be mentioned.
9. Proteobacteria:
10. Gram Positive Bacteria:
11: Cyanobacteria:
12. Spirochetes:
13. Chlamydia:
23.2: Biology of Prokaryotes
Here is a list of parts of a bacterium. Tell the function of each using your own
words, identify them on the diagram and use the coloring guide to color the picture.
(Small loop of DNA)
(3rd outer layer
for some)
Structure:
Ribosomes
Function:
Color:
red
Pilus (pl. pili)
blue
Flagellum (pl.
flagella)
DNA
(chromosome)
Cell wall
brown
Capsule
purple
Cell
membrane
Cytoplasm
black
Plasmid
orange
yellow
green
gray
Describe each of the following:
23. obligate anaerobes:
24. facultative anaerobes:
25. obligate aerobes:
26. Prokaryotes usualy reproduce by ______________________ _______________________.
27. Draw this below and label what is happening in each step:
31. Prokaryotes can exchnage DNA in a process called _____________________________.
Describe the 3 different ways this happens:
32. Transformation:
33. Conjugation:
34. Transduction:
Here is a diagram of conjugation along with some explanations. Match the
explanations with the diagram you think it belongs to by rewriting it in the space
provided.
A plasmid, by the way, is a smaller extra piece of DNA in addition to the
chromosome.
Rewrite Steps here:
A. The two bacteria separate and both have the plasmid.
B. The plasmid is copied, and the donor bacterium creates a pillus for
transfer of the plasmid.
C. One copy of the plasmid is transferred to the recipient cell through the
pillus.
D. The pillus opens a space between the two bacteria.
E. The two bacteria get closer and the pillus of the donor attaches to the
recipient.
Define these terms in your own words.
38. Exotoxin:
39. Endotoxin:
40. Antibiotic: (you may have to go to the glossary for this one, or figure it out
from context)
41. Describe how antibiotic resistance can form.
42. How is this affecting medicine today?
43. Name some diseases and the bacterium that causes them:
Bacteria are not all bad. You’ve heard of E. coli? You’ve got it! It lives in your large
intestine and helps the digestion process. When it gets to other parts of the
digestive system, bad things can happen. Describe how bacteria is used for
44. Making food
45. Help plants survive pests:
46. Break down/recycle waste:
24.1: Viral Structure and Replication
47. Why are viruses considered by Biologists not to be alive? What functions can they
not perform?
48. A protein coat, or _______________________, is the only layer surrounding some
viruses.
49. Identify the shapes of these three viruses and give some examples of
diseases caused by viruses that shape.
Shape:
Disease
examples:
55. What is an envelope and name some viruses that have one?
56. How can viruses be classified?
57. When the DNA enters a host cell it makes ________________, which is the template
for making _____________________________ during protein synthesis. They also
use the host’s cells to make new viral ______________. The replicated viral DNA
and proteins assemble to make new ________________________.
58. The genome of some RNA viruses enters a host cell and serves directly as
______________, which is translated into new viral _________________________.
Some RNA Viruses, called retroviruses use RNA as a template to make
___________, which then ___________________ itself into the host’s genome.
59. What is one example of a retrovirus?
60. Scientists have gained a better understanding of viral replication by studying
bacteriophages. What is a bacteriophage?
61. Describe what happens during the Lytic cycle.
Describe what happens in each step of the Lytic cycle:
65.
64.
62.
63.
66. Describe what happens during the Lysogenic cycle.
Describe what happens in each step of the Lysogenic cycle:
66.
67.
68.
70.
69.
71. Describe how viruses can be used for good purposes.
24.2: Viral Disease
72. Describe how viral diseases are spread. Be sure to give examples of the things
that spread them.
73. Name some diseases caused by viruses.
74. How does a vaccination work to control a viral disease?
75. What other ways are there to control viral diseases?
Answer Key___
Name: ___
Period: _____ Date: ____________________
RG Ch 23 & 24: Bacteria &Viruses
23.1: Prokaryotes
1. What is a prokaryote and where do they live (there are many places)?
Single celled
No membrane bound organelles or nucleus
Soil, air, inside other creatures, ice, hot
springs, water…
Bacteria_ and __ Archaea_ are the two main
2. __
branches, or domains, of prokaryotes. What molecule was this split based on
and when was this discovered?
rRNA
late 1970’s
3. Archaea are different from bacteria in many ways. They differ in
cell_ __walls__. Describe how.
no peptidoglycan (sugar/protein molecule
found in bacteria cell walls)

the makeup of their _

their _
cell membrane_ lipids, _amino acids_ and
__DNA (introns…areas that code for
nothing)__.
There are three kinds of Archaea. Describe what is unique about each:
4. Methanogens:
anaerobic
Metabolize H2 gas and CO2 into methane
5. Halophiles:
Live in very salty conditions (Great Salt
Lake)
6. Thermoacidophiles:
Very acidic and high temps, e.g. hot
springs, volcanic vents
7. Bacteria occur in three basic shapes:
bacillus_

rod shaped bacteria are called _

sphere shaped bacteria are called __
they are called __
coccus_. When they occur in chains
streptococcus_, when they occur in clusters they
staphylococcus_.
are called __

spiral shaped bacteria are called _
spirilla_
8. Describe what a Gram Stain is and how it is used to classify bacteria.
Stains pink (neg) or purple (pos) depending
on structure of cell wall (content of
peptidoglycan…more = simpler = Gram +)
Describe the impact each of the following groups of bacteria has on humans. If there
are good and bad things, both should be mentioned.
9. Proteobacteria:
+ = nitrogen fixing (N cycle), E. coli, make
vitamin K
- = disease (tumors in plants, Rickettsia,
ulcers, Salmonella)
10. Gram Positive Bacteria:
+ = yogurt, medicines (muscle spasm,
antibiotics)
- = disease (strep throat, botulism, anthrax,
tuberculosis, leprosy)
11: Cyanobacteria:
+ = make oxygen (photosynthesis), fix
nitrogen (N cycle), basis of food chains
12. Spirochetes:
- = syphillis, Lyme disease
13. Chlamydia:
- = STD
23.2: Biology of Prokaryotes
Here is a list of parts of a bacterium. Tell the function of each using your own
words, identify them on the diagram and use the coloring guide to color the picture.
DNA
(Small loop of DNA)
plasmid
(3rd outer layer
for some)
capsule
Structure:
Ribosomes
Function:
make proteins
Color:
red
Pilus (pl. pili)
Flagellum (pl.
flagella)
DNA
(chromosome)
Cell wall
Capsule
Cell
membrane
Cytoplasm
Plasmid
exchange DNA during repro
movement
genetic material
support/structure
3rd layer in some, protection
allows things in and out
cell processes take place
small loop of DNA, drug
resistance
blue
brown
yellow
green
purple
black
gray
orange
Describe each of the following:
23. obligate anaerobes:
Can not live with oxygen, O2 kills them
(tetanus)
24. facultative anaerobes:
Live with our without O2 (E coli)
25. obligate aerobes:
Must have O2 (tuberculosis)
binary fission_.
26. Prokaryotes usually reproduce by _
_ _
27. Draw this below and label what is happening in each step:
DNA copied
Cell begins
to divide
Done!
31. Prokaryotes can exchnage DNA in a process called _
recombination_.
Describe the 3 different ways this happens:
32. Transformation:
Takes in DNA from outside environment
(e.g. dead bacteria)
33. Conjugation:
Exchanges some DNA (plasmid) with
another bacterium (how bacteria become
resistant to drugs)
34. Transduction:
Virus transfers some DNA from one to
another (used in genetic engineering)
Here is a diagram of conjugation along with some explanations. Match the
explanations with the diagram you think it belongs to by rewriting it in the space
provided.
A plasmid, by the way, is a smaller extra piece of DNA in addition to the
chromosome.
Rewrite Steps here:
B. The plasmid is copied, and the donor
bacterium creates a pillus for
transfer of the plasmid.
E. The two bacteria get closer and the pillus
of the donor attaches to the recipient.
D. The pillus opens a space between the two
bacteria.
C. One copy of the plasmid is transferred to
the recipient cell through the pillus.
A. The two bacteria separate and both have
the plasmid.
A. The two bacteria separate and both have the plasmid.
B. The plasmid is copied, and the donor bacterium creates a pillus for
transfer of the plasmid.
C. One copy of the plasmid is transferred to the recipient cell through the
pillus.
D. The pillus opens a space between the two bacteria.
E. The two bacteria get closer and the pillus of the donor attaches to the
recipient.
Define these terms in your own words.
38. Exotoxin:
Chemical (poison) given off from a
bacterium while it is alive (tetanus)
39. Endotoxin:
Chemical (poison) stored in a bacterium
while it is alive and given off when it
dies (E. coli)
40. Antibiotic: (you may have to go to the glossary for this one, or figure it out
from context)
medicine used to fight bacterial
diseases. Usually disrupts bacteria
cell’s processes so it dies
e.g. penicillin stops cell walls
tetracycline stops protein
synthesis
41. Describe how antibiotic resistance can form.
Antibiotic kills all the bacteria it can, leaves
behind ones resistant to the drug, they
reproduce and then the drug won’t work
anymore.
The bacteria has adapted to the medication!
Evolution!!
42. How is this affecting medicine today?
A lot of the drugs we have been using for a long
time don’t work anymore. (tuberculosis,
staph infections)
43. Name some diseases and the bacterium that causes them:
Bacteria are not all bad. You’ve heard of E. coli? You’ve got it! It lives in your large
intestine and helps the digestion process. When it gets to other parts of the
digestive system, bad things can happen. Describe how bacteria is used for
44. Making food
yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, cheeses
(mozarella, ricotta)
sauerkraut, pickles, coffee, soy sauce
45. Help plants survive pests:
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) creates an
endotoxin that protects corn
46. Break down/recycle waste:
Part of sewage treatment process
Oil spills
Part of carbon and nitrogen cycles
24.1: Viral Structure and Replication
47. Why are viruses considered by Biologists not to be alive? What functions can they
not perform?
Can’t reproduce or grow,
Can’t perform metabolism and homeostasis,
Don’t have cytoplasm or organelles
capsid
48. A protein coat, or _
__, is the only layer surrounding some
viruses.
49. Identify the shapes of these three viruses and give some examples of
diseases caused by viruses that shape.
Shape:
helical (helix)
polyhedral
spherical
Disease
examples:
Tobacco Mosaic Herpes
Influenza
rabies
chicken pox AIDS
measles
polio
55. What is an envelope and name some viruses that have one?
Bilipid membrane around the capsid, helps
viruses “recognize” each other
chicken pox, HIV
56. How can viruses be classified?
DNA or RNA
Single or double stranded
Linear or circular
Nature of capsid (what it’s made of, shape)
Presence of envelope
57. When the DNA enters a host cell it makes
mRNA, which is the template
proteins during protein synthesis. They also use the host’s
cells to make new viral DNA. The replicated viral DNA and proteins
assemble to make new viruses (viral particles).
for making
58. The genome of some RNA viruses enters a host cell and serves directly as
mRNA, which is translated into new viral proteins. Some RNA
viruses, called retroviruses use RNA as a template to make DNA, which
then inserts itself into the host’s genome.
59. What is one example of a retrovirus?
HIV
60. Scientists have gained a better understanding of viral replication by studying
bacteriophages. What is a bacteriophage?
Virus that infects bacteria
61. Describe what happens during the Lytic cycle.
Virus attacks host, uses it to make new
viruses which lyse (break open) the cell
to be released
(virulent viruses)
Happens pretty quickly (hours, days)
Describe what happens in each step of the Lytic cycle:
Cell breaks open and 65.
releases new viruses
64.
New viruses
made by
cell’s
processes
62.
Virus
attacks cells,
inserts DNA
63.
Viral DNAs
66. Describe what happens during the Lysogenic cycle.
Viruses hides in cell for days…years
(temperate or latent phages)
Describe what happens in each step of the Lysogenic cycle:
Virus attacks cells, inserts DNA
66.
Viral DNAs join into circle
67.
68.
DNA joins with
host DNA
circle
70.
69.
Cell divides
normally,
copies viral
DNA with it
Cell can go
into lytic cycle
71. Describe how viruses can be used for good purposes.
use viruses to insert genes in to our cells
(gene replacement therapy, e.g cystic
fibrosis)
use the virus to study a particular gene…place
gene in virus, virus infects bacteria, bacteria
replicates the gene for us so we can study it.
24.2: Viral Disease
72. Describe how viral diseases are spread. Be sure to give examples of the things
that spread them.
By vectors (hosts)
Humans, ticks, animals, mosquitoes, fleas…
73. Name some diseases caused by viruses
Chicken pox & shingles
Hepatitis (A, B, C, D, & E)
AIDS
Cancer (cervical) (by an oncogene…viral
gene that tells the cell to not stop
replicating.)
74. How does a vaccination work to control a viral disease?
Causes immune response before get disease
Use part of virus or dead virus (inactive) or
weak form (attenuated)
75. What other ways are there to control viral diseases?
Control the vectors
Some drugs (very few compared to bacterial
and fungal diseases)