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PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Subphylum Chelicerata Subphylum Crustacea Lobster Crab Shrimp Crayfish Barnacles Isopods Class Merostomata Horseshoe crab Class Arachnida spiders Subphylum Uniramia Class Chilopoda centipedes Class Diplopoda millipedes Class Hexapoda insects I. General Arthropod Characteristics 1. Arthropod means “jointed foot” 2. Paired jointed appendages 3. Segmented bodies 4. Tagmatization- body regions have specific functions a. Head- sensory/feeding b. Thorax- locomotion c. Abdomen- visceral functions 5. Exoskeleton a. Support b. Protection c. Prevents water loss d. Two layers 1. Epicuticle- lipoprotein; impermeable to water & pesticides 2. Procuticle- chitin; tough, leathery protein 6. Grow by shedding exoskeleton- ecdysis (molting) 7. Ventral nervous system 8. Open circulatory system 9. Complete digestive system w/ mouth & anus SUBPHYLUM CRUSTACEA 1.Crayfish, lobsters, shrimp, crab, barnacles, copepods, isopods (rolly polly) 2.Most are aquatic 3.Have two pairs of antenna 4.8-10 walking legs 5. Crayfish Anatomy a. Two body regions 1. Cephalothorax- fused head & chest region. Covered by hard, sclerotized carapace. 2. Abdomen- has some swimming appendages and visceral organs. In some, takes form of muscular tail. b. Paired appendages: 1st Antennae- long; sense, feed, taste 2nd Antennules- short; sense, feed, taste 3rd Mandibles- chewing & grinding 4th, 5th, 6th maxillae- small, hair-like; respiration, food handling, taste 7th, 8th maxillipeds- larger than maxillae, food handling, taste 9th chelipeds- “claw”; food capture & defense. 10th-13th periopods- walking legs; movement c. Other appendages on abdomen: 1. Pleopodsa. swimmerets b. hair-like c. Help in swimming d. 1st 2 pairs determine gender. Used in reproduction. 2. Telson- tail like structure at end of abdomen. Anus located here. 3. Uropods- 2 flipper-like structures on either side of abdomen (total of 4 uropods); aid in steering/swimming d. Digestion/Feeding 1. Eat invertebrates, plants, scavengers 2. Foregut/stomach- enlarged part of stomach in cephalothorax; contains tooth-like structures for grinding food. 3. Digestive gland- secrete enzymes into stomach & store food. 4. Intestine- embedded in muscular abdomen. 5. Anus e. Respiration 1. Gills- feathery; under carapace 2. Maxillae- water over gills while resting. 3. Walking legs- water over gills while moving. f. Circulation- open g. Excretion 1. Green glands- located behind 2nd pair of antennae. 2. Wastes- liquid ammonia- released thru renal pore in front of head. h. Nervous/Sensory 1. Compound eyes- on movable stalks 2. Setae- hair-like on mouth & antennae; detect food & pheromones i. Reproduction 1. Dioecious 2. Mating occurs after females molt in fall. 3. Male turns female over & deposits sperm in front of genital opening. The sperm stay there over winter. 4. In the spring, as the female passes eggs out of her body, they become fertilized. 5. Eggs attach to pleopods on abdomen where they stay until hatching. j. Economic/Environmental Significance 1. Food chain 2. Major food source for many regions 3. Rolly polly- decomposers 1. The structure responsible for excretion in crayfish is a. Kidney 2. The pincers used for food capture & defense are called a. Pleopods 3. b. Chelipeds b. Mandibles c. telson Which organism does not belong to class Arachnida? a. Scorpion b. Horseshoe crab 5. c. tweezers The large finger-like structures around the mouth that are used for tasting & food handling are a. Maxillipeds 4. b. Green gland c. cheliped c. tick The enlarged finger-like structures around the mouth of the spider which can hold sperm in male spiders are called a. Pedipalps b. Spinnerets c. abdomen DAILY QUIZ #1 1. ANTENNAE 4. ABDOMEN 2. ANTENNULES 5. PLEOPODS 3. CARAPACE SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA I. 1. General Characteristics Two body regions a. Cephalothorax- sensory, feeding, locomotion, eyes b. Abdomen- digestion, reproduction, excretion, respiration 2. Paired Appendages a. Chelicerae- first pair, pincer-like, feeding/fangs b. Pedipalps- second pair, sensing, feeding, reproduction 3. No antennae 4. 8 walking legs II. Class Merostomata Horseshoe crabs 1. All marine 2. Diet- annelids, mollusks, other inverts. 3. Horseshoe shaped body 4. Have compound eyes & simple eyes. 5. Telson- tail; used to flip over 6. Book gills for respiration 7. Dioecious- male fertilizes eggs as female sheds them into a shallow hole. No brooding occurs. Compound eye Horseshoe crab vision III. Class Arachnida Spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions 1. Digestion/Feeding a. Pour/inject enzymes into prey. b. Partially digested food taken into mouth c. Food passed to 1. Foregut- pumping pharynx 2. Midgut- enzyme secretion & absorption of food 3. Hindgut- water reabsorption 2. Excretion a. Coxal glands- collect nitrogenous waste from blood b. Malpighian tubules- send waste to hingut c. Water reabsorbed- waste sent to hindgut d. Wastes excreted with digestive wastes as semisolid uric acid ** Water conservation is a major concern for many terrestrial animals. Most wastes excreted in solid form to prevent water loss. 3. Gas Exchange a. Air enters thru spiracle on ventral surface b. O2 and CO2 exchange in a book lung- series of folded membranes exposed to blood. 4. Circulation a. Open circulation b. Dorsal aorta pumps blood to sinuses around organs c. Blood returns to aorta thru holes in heart called ostia d. Blood contains hemocyanin (blue)- does not carry oxygen as well as human blood 5. Nervous/Sensory a. Brain & ventral nerve cord b. Setae- hair-like, can detect vibrations/motion c. Chemoreceptors in exoskeleton to detect pheromones, smells in environment. d. 6-8 Simple eyes- sense light & movement e. Hunting spiders have more complex eyes 6. Reproduction a. Dioecious b. Spiders attract mates by: 1. Pheromones- chemicals given off by one to evoke a response in another. 2. Tactile- males pluck strands of female web a. Species specific “plucking” b. Prevents male from becoming female’s next meal 3. Visual signals- “dancing” c. Males use enlarged pedipalp to transfer sperm to female d. Females can deposit 3000 eggs in one silk sac! e. Females may take care of young during & after development f. Some spiderlings practice ballooning- let out silk line that acts as “parachute” to distribute young spiderling to new habitat- reduces competition among spiderlings. 7. Spider Adaptations a. Silk gland- produces silk (protein) b. Spinnerets- spin silk which hardens when it hits the air. c. Silk used to make webs, egg sacs, line a retreat, ballooning. d. All spiders have silk glands, not all make webs! e. Have oil on feet that keep them from sticking to silk. f. All spiders are venomous, only two toxic to humans 8. Dangerous Spiders of United States a. Black widow- shiny black w/red hour glass on ventral surface of abdomen. Female male Enlarged pedipalps 9. Scorpions a. Nocturnal b. Venom gland & stinger in tail c. Modified pedipalps- pincers for grasping food/defense d. Courtship dance where male “lays” sperm case and female “sits” on case to pick up sperm e. 20-40 young brooded by mother on her back for about 1 month 10. Mites- 1mm or less in size a. Many are ectoparasitic- feeding on blood or tissue b. Some permanent (follicle mite) c. Some temporary (chigger) 11.Ticks- up to 3cm in length a. All ectoparasites. b. Bodies expand as they feed. c. Breeding occurs on host. d. Female drops off & lays eggs. e. Can carry disease. 12.Economic/Environmental Significance a. Carry/cause disease 1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever- ticks 2. Lyme’s Disease- ticks b. Control insect populations c. Venom & silk may have medicinal value. d. Mites eat dead skin cells on body. e. Spider mites (& others) can kill plants/crops. SUBPHYLUM UNIRAMIA Class Chilopoda centipedes Class Diplopoda millipedes 1. 1 pair legs/segment 1. 2 pairs legs/segment 2. About 15 body segments 2. 11-100 body segments 3. Flat bodies 3. round bodies 4. Habitat- moist areas 4. moist areas 5. Diet- carnivores 5. herbivores 6. Defense- 6. Defense- a. Venomous maxilliped a. Roll into a ball b. Bite feels like wasp sting b. Produce hydrogen cyanide- repellant Class Hexapoda- insects 1. Three body regions a. Head b. Thorax c. Abdomen 2. One pair antennae 3. Six legs 4. Digestion/Feeding a. Different mouthparts reduces food competition among different species. b. Chewing- mandibles (grasshopper & most beetles) c. Siphoning- tube for sucking (butterfly) d. Piercing & suckingcut thru skin or plants (mosquito, assassin bug) e. Sponging- absorbing food (fly) 5. Circulation- open a. Not used in gas exchange b. Distributes nutrients, hormones, pheromones. 6. Thermoregulation- ectothermic a. Bodies must warm up before able to fly. 7. Excretion a. Malpighian tubules- dump wastes into intestine. b. Waste- uric acid crystals to prevent water loss. 8. Nervous & Sensory System a. Compound eyes 1. Some images 2. Color (UV light) 3. Shape 4. Movement b. Some have simple eyes- ocelli c. Some can detect odors- flies, bees d. Tympanic membrane- 1. detect sound 2. Located on legs or abdomen e. Setae- hairs on legs, body, antennae 1. Movement 2. vibrations setae 9. Respiration a. Spiracles- holes in body thru which air enters b. Tracheal tubes- extend length of body for distribution & exchange of gases. spiracles 10.Reproduction a. Dioecious b. Controlled by 1. Population density 2. Temperature 3. Seasons 4. Pheromones 5. Auditory signals c. Females may use ovipositer to deposit eggs in soil, tree, leaf, etc. Elytraforwing Hindwing - flight Beetles have hard outer wing- elytrathat protects membranous hindwing- for flight PHEROMONES 1. Sex- excite or attract opposite sex 2. Trailing- laid down by foraging insects to help other members of colony find food. 3. Alarm- warn others of danger 4. Caste regulating- used by social insects to control the development of certain individuals in a colony. SOCIAL INSECTS Ants, termites, most bees & wasps 1. Traits a. Parental care of young b. Several generations present c. Division of labor DIVISION OF LABOR 1. Reproductive caste a. Queen1. produces eggs to maintain colony. 2. Regulates sex of offspringparthenogenesis 3. Unfertilized eggs- males 4. Fertilized eggs- females Queen termite 2. Worker caste a. Sisters, all daughters of queen b. Care for the eggs, larvae, queen & drones. c. Forage for food d. Maintain the nest e. Take larvae to queen who feeds the larvae “royal jelly”. This pheromone-laced liquid determines the larvae’s roll in the colony. f. Future workers receive jelly for 1st 3 days. g. Future queens receive jelly throughout larval stage. h. Soldiers- defend the nest ** Bees & wasps do not have soldier insects. Advantages Solitary Insects Social Insects 1. 2. 1. Group defense & alarm 2. Food gathering 3. Nest building 4. Care of young Hide from predators No immediate competition 3. Live in small spaces 4. Exploit small food resources Disadvantages 1. Lack of social benefits 1. Intense predation 2. Parasitism 3. disease