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PHYLUM
ARTHROPODA
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Chelicerata
Subphylum Crustacea
Lobster
Crab
Shrimp
Crayfish
Barnacles
Isopods
Class Merostomata
Horseshoe crab
Class Arachnida
spiders
Subphylum Uniramia
Class Chilopoda
centipedes
Class Diplopoda
millipedes
Class Hexapoda
insects
I. General Arthropod Characteristics
1. Arthropod means “jointed foot”
2. Paired jointed appendages
3. Segmented bodies
4. Tagmatization- body regions have specific
functions
a. Head- sensory/feeding
b. Thorax- locomotion
c. Abdomen- visceral functions
5. Exoskeleton
a. Support
b. Protection
c. Prevents water loss
d. Two layers
1. Epicuticle- lipoprotein;
impermeable to water & pesticides
2. Procuticle- chitin; tough, leathery
protein
6. Grow by shedding exoskeleton- ecdysis
(molting)
7. Ventral nervous system
8. Open circulatory system
9. Complete digestive system w/ mouth &
anus
SUBPHYLUM
CRUSTACEA
1.Crayfish, lobsters, shrimp,
crab, barnacles, copepods,
isopods (rolly polly)
2.Most are aquatic
3.Have two pairs of antenna
4.8-10 walking legs
5. Crayfish Anatomy
a. Two body regions
1. Cephalothorax- fused head &
chest region. Covered by hard,
sclerotized carapace.
2. Abdomen- has some swimming
appendages and visceral organs.
In some, takes form of muscular
tail.
b. Paired appendages:
1st Antennae- long; sense, feed, taste
2nd Antennules- short; sense, feed,
taste
3rd Mandibles- chewing & grinding
4th, 5th, 6th maxillae- small, hair-like;
respiration, food handling, taste
7th, 8th maxillipeds- larger than
maxillae, food handling, taste
9th chelipeds- “claw”; food capture &
defense.
10th-13th periopods- walking legs;
movement
c. Other appendages on abdomen:
1. Pleopodsa. swimmerets
b. hair-like
c. Help in swimming
d. 1st 2 pairs determine
gender. Used in
reproduction.
2. Telson- tail like structure at end of
abdomen. Anus located here.
3. Uropods- 2 flipper-like structures on
either side of abdomen (total of 4
uropods); aid in steering/swimming
d. Digestion/Feeding
1. Eat invertebrates, plants, scavengers
2. Foregut/stomach- enlarged part of
stomach in cephalothorax;
contains tooth-like structures for
grinding food.
3. Digestive gland- secrete enzymes
into stomach & store food.
4. Intestine- embedded in muscular
abdomen.
5. Anus
e. Respiration
1. Gills- feathery; under carapace
2. Maxillae- water over gills while
resting.
3. Walking legs- water over gills
while moving.
f. Circulation- open
g. Excretion
1. Green glands- located behind 2nd
pair of antennae.
2. Wastes- liquid ammonia- released
thru renal pore in front of head.
h. Nervous/Sensory
1. Compound eyes- on movable stalks
2. Setae- hair-like on mouth &
antennae; detect food & pheromones
i. Reproduction
1. Dioecious
2. Mating occurs after females molt in fall.
3. Male turns female over & deposits
sperm in front of genital opening. The
sperm stay there over winter.
4. In the spring, as the female passes eggs
out of her body, they become fertilized.
5. Eggs attach to
pleopods on abdomen
where they stay until
hatching.
j. Economic/Environmental Significance
1. Food chain
2. Major food source for many
regions
3. Rolly polly- decomposers
1.
The structure responsible for excretion in crayfish is
a. Kidney
2.
The pincers used for food capture & defense are called
a. Pleopods
3.
b. Chelipeds
b. Mandibles
c. telson
Which organism does not belong to class Arachnida?
a. Scorpion b. Horseshoe crab
5.
c. tweezers
The large finger-like structures around the mouth that are
used for tasting & food handling are
a. Maxillipeds
4.
b. Green gland c. cheliped
c. tick
The enlarged finger-like structures around the mouth of the
spider which can hold sperm in male spiders are called
a. Pedipalps
b. Spinnerets
c. abdomen
DAILY QUIZ #1
1. ANTENNAE
4. ABDOMEN
2. ANTENNULES
5. PLEOPODS
3. CARAPACE
SUBPHYLUM
CHELICERATA
I.
1.
General Characteristics
Two body regions
a. Cephalothorax- sensory, feeding, locomotion, eyes
b. Abdomen- digestion, reproduction, excretion, respiration
2. Paired Appendages
a. Chelicerae- first pair, pincer-like, feeding/fangs
b. Pedipalps- second pair, sensing, feeding,
reproduction
3. No antennae
4. 8 walking legs
II. Class Merostomata
Horseshoe crabs
1. All marine
2. Diet- annelids, mollusks,
other inverts.
3. Horseshoe shaped body
4. Have compound eyes &
simple eyes.
5. Telson- tail; used to flip over
6. Book gills for respiration
7. Dioecious- male fertilizes eggs as female sheds them
into a shallow hole. No brooding occurs.
Compound eye
Horseshoe crab vision
III. Class Arachnida
Spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions
1. Digestion/Feeding
a. Pour/inject enzymes into prey.
b. Partially digested food taken into mouth
c. Food passed to
1. Foregut- pumping pharynx
2. Midgut- enzyme secretion &
absorption of food
3. Hindgut- water reabsorption
2. Excretion
a. Coxal glands- collect nitrogenous waste
from blood
b. Malpighian tubules- send waste to hingut
c. Water reabsorbed- waste sent to hindgut
d. Wastes excreted with digestive wastes as
semisolid uric acid
** Water conservation is a major concern for
many terrestrial animals. Most wastes
excreted in solid form to prevent water loss.
3. Gas Exchange
a. Air enters thru spiracle on ventral surface
b. O2 and CO2 exchange in a book lung- series
of folded membranes exposed to blood.
4. Circulation
a. Open circulation
b. Dorsal aorta pumps blood to sinuses around
organs
c. Blood returns to aorta thru holes in heart called
ostia
d. Blood contains hemocyanin (blue)- does not carry
oxygen as well as human blood
5. Nervous/Sensory
a. Brain & ventral nerve cord
b. Setae- hair-like, can detect
vibrations/motion
c. Chemoreceptors in exoskeleton to detect
pheromones, smells in environment.
d. 6-8 Simple eyes- sense light & movement
e. Hunting spiders have more complex eyes
6. Reproduction
a. Dioecious
b. Spiders attract mates by:
1. Pheromones- chemicals given off by one to evoke a
response in another.
2. Tactile- males pluck strands of female web
a. Species specific “plucking”
b. Prevents male from becoming female’s next
meal
3. Visual signals- “dancing”
c. Males use enlarged pedipalp to transfer sperm to female
d. Females can deposit 3000 eggs in one silk sac!
e. Females may take care of young during & after development
f. Some spiderlings practice ballooning- let out silk line that
acts as “parachute” to distribute young spiderling to new
habitat- reduces competition among spiderlings.
7. Spider Adaptations
a. Silk gland- produces silk (protein)
b. Spinnerets- spin silk which hardens when it hits the air.
c. Silk used to make webs, egg sacs, line a retreat,
ballooning.
d. All spiders have silk glands, not all make webs!
e. Have oil on feet that keep them from sticking to silk.
f. All spiders are venomous, only two toxic to humans
8. Dangerous Spiders of United States
a. Black widow- shiny black w/red hour glass
on ventral surface of abdomen.
Female
male
Enlarged pedipalps
9. Scorpions
a. Nocturnal
b. Venom gland & stinger in tail
c. Modified pedipalps- pincers for grasping
food/defense
d. Courtship dance where male “lays” sperm
case and female “sits” on case to pick up
sperm
e. 20-40 young brooded by mother on her
back for about 1 month
10. Mites- 1mm or less in size
a. Many are ectoparasitic- feeding on blood
or tissue
b. Some permanent (follicle mite)
c. Some temporary (chigger)
11.Ticks- up to 3cm in length
a. All ectoparasites.
b. Bodies expand as they feed.
c. Breeding occurs on host.
d. Female drops off & lays eggs.
e. Can carry disease.
12.Economic/Environmental Significance
a. Carry/cause disease
1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever- ticks
2. Lyme’s Disease- ticks
b. Control insect populations
c. Venom & silk may have medicinal value.
d. Mites eat dead skin cells on body.
e. Spider mites (& others) can kill plants/crops.
SUBPHYLUM
UNIRAMIA
Class Chilopoda
centipedes
Class Diplopoda
millipedes
1. 1 pair legs/segment
1. 2 pairs legs/segment
2. About 15 body segments
2. 11-100 body segments
3. Flat bodies
3. round bodies
4. Habitat- moist areas
4. moist areas
5. Diet- carnivores
5. herbivores
6. Defense-
6. Defense-
a. Venomous maxilliped
a. Roll into a ball
b. Bite feels like wasp sting
b. Produce hydrogen
cyanide- repellant
Class Hexapoda- insects
1. Three body regions
a. Head
b. Thorax
c. Abdomen
2. One pair antennae
3. Six legs
4. Digestion/Feeding
a. Different mouthparts
reduces food
competition among
different species.
b. Chewing- mandibles
(grasshopper & most
beetles)
c. Siphoning- tube for sucking (butterfly)
d.
Piercing & suckingcut
thru skin or plants
(mosquito,
assassin bug)
e. Sponging- absorbing food (fly)
5. Circulation- open
a. Not used in gas exchange
b. Distributes nutrients, hormones,
pheromones.
6. Thermoregulation- ectothermic
a. Bodies must warm up before able
to fly.
7. Excretion
a. Malpighian tubules- dump wastes
into intestine.
b. Waste- uric acid crystals to
prevent water loss.
8. Nervous & Sensory System
a. Compound eyes
1. Some images
2. Color (UV light)
3. Shape
4. Movement
b. Some have simple
eyes- ocelli
c. Some can detect odors- flies, bees
d. Tympanic membrane-
1. detect sound
2. Located on legs or abdomen
e. Setae- hairs on legs, body, antennae
1. Movement
2. vibrations
setae
9. Respiration
a. Spiracles- holes in body thru which
air enters
b. Tracheal tubes- extend length of
body for distribution & exchange of
gases.
spiracles
10.Reproduction
a. Dioecious
b. Controlled by
1. Population density
2. Temperature
3. Seasons
4. Pheromones
5. Auditory signals
c. Females may use ovipositer to
deposit eggs in soil, tree, leaf, etc.
Elytraforwing
Hindwing
- flight
Beetles have hard
outer wing- elytrathat protects
membranous
hindwing- for flight
PHEROMONES
1. Sex- excite or attract opposite sex
2. Trailing- laid down by foraging insects
to help other members of colony find
food.
3. Alarm- warn others of danger
4. Caste regulating- used by social
insects to control the development of
certain individuals in a colony.
SOCIAL INSECTS
Ants, termites, most bees & wasps
1. Traits
a. Parental care of young
b. Several generations present
c. Division of labor
DIVISION OF LABOR
1. Reproductive caste
a. Queen1. produces eggs to maintain colony.
2. Regulates sex of offspringparthenogenesis
3. Unfertilized eggs- males
4. Fertilized eggs- females
Queen termite
2. Worker caste
a. Sisters, all daughters of queen
b. Care for the eggs, larvae, queen & drones.
c. Forage for food
d. Maintain the nest
e. Take larvae to queen who feeds the larvae
“royal jelly”. This pheromone-laced liquid
determines the larvae’s roll in the colony.
f. Future workers receive jelly for 1st 3 days.
g. Future queens receive jelly throughout larval
stage.
h. Soldiers- defend the nest
** Bees & wasps do not have
soldier insects.
Advantages
Solitary Insects
Social Insects
1.
2.
1. Group defense
& alarm
2. Food gathering
3. Nest building
4. Care of young
Hide from predators
No immediate
competition
3. Live in small spaces
4. Exploit small food
resources
Disadvantages 1. Lack of social
benefits
1. Intense
predation
2. Parasitism
3. disease