Download Lesson 1 Notes Scientific Revoulution

SSWH13 The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that
changed the world view of Europeans.
a. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and how these ideas
changed the European world view.
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_________________________ combined with innovative approaches to _________________
_____________________ led to new wave of thought
A general _______________________________ of the works of the ancients (Aristotle, etc.)
Challenged theology’s claim to be the _______________________________________
The Spread of Scientific Knowledge
 The ________________ and the emergence of ______________________ enabled scientists to communicate their
______________________ and to spread their ideas to a wider audience.
 Frances Bacon developed the ____________________________.
 Scientific societies appeared first in __________, but those of England and France were
_______________________________.
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
 Polish scholar who was convinced that the ________________________ and _____________ on its axis as it
________________around the sun
 This idea is called ___________________________
 It was a dangerous and revolutionary idea, not published until ___________________________
 He placed the _______________________ and the earth orbiting the sun in perfect circles at a constant speed.
They were ordered based on the time it takes each planet to _____________ _______________ (Mercury, Venus,
Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn).
Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630)
 Provided _______________________________________________
 Refuted some of Copernicus’ view by _______________________________________ around the sun, not perfect
circles
 Found that planets _________________________
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
 Faced serious _______________________ for his ideas
 Built his own _______________________ and made controversial ______________________
 Reasoned that not all heavenly bodies _____________________________________
o Church leaders felt that accepting the earth’s dependent position in the universe was a
__________________________________________
o Forced to recant ___________________________
o Helped to establish the ___________________________________
Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727)
 One of the most influential figures in _________________________
 Engaged in ground-breaking studies in _____________________________
o Published his conclusions and proofs regarding ________________________________
o Explained and expanded on the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
 Spent his later years in _____________________________ and ______________________
__________________________________
The Enlightenment
I. The Enlightenment
A. From 1650 to 1800, European philosophers began rethinking _____________________________ about government, religion,
economics which led to an era known as the _____________________________ (also called the Age of _________________)
1. The intellectuals of the Enlightenment were called _______________________________ & they shared some basic beliefs
a. New _______________ could be discovered by using _______________ & reason
b. Everything could be explained by observing universal truths known as ___________________________________
c. A belief in ___________________, that the world can be improved, & that life should be ____________________
d. People are born with _______________________________________ (personal freedoms that protect _____________)
2. Why did the Enlightenment begin?
a. During the ____________________________, people began to question medieval ideas, emphasize individual potential
(humanism), & encourage __________________________
b. During the Age of _________________________________, the discovery of new lands & ________________________
led Europeans to search for other “new” things
c. During the ___________________________________________________, people began to question church teachings,
freely explore new ideas, & ______________________________ other religions
d. During the Age of _____________________________________________, powerful kings _________________ lavishly,
fought expensive wars, & ruled without regard to their nation’s __________________
e. During the ___________________________________________________, scholars applied _____________, perfected
the scientific method, & made new __________________________ that shattered old ideas…This gave Enlightenment
philosophes a ____________________ to follow to make new theories about society
B. The most important Enlightenment ideas were those that challenged rule by _______________________________________
& presented new theories about _________________________________
1. One of the first political thinkers of the Enlightenment was _____________________________________
a. Hobbes was bothered by the English ____________________ & chaos that plagued England after the ______________
of King Charles I
b. Hobbes believed that humans are naturally _______________, ________________, & hungry for _________________;
Hobbes argued that people need to be protected from ________________________________
c. Hobbes supported rule b y ____________________________________________; He used scientific reasoning to argue
that only _________________ with absolute power could maintain ___________________ in society
d. Hobbes believed in an idea called the __________________________________: people give up power & ___________
to a king who provides law & order
2. English philosophe _____________________________________ disagreed with the ideas of Thomas Hobbes
a. He was influenced by the Glorious Revolution when the ____________________ was created to protect citizens’ rights
b. Locke believed that people are born with _______________________________, including life, ___________________,
property; Locke argued that kings could be ____________________________________ if they violated peoples’ rights
c. Locke supported ________________ or constitutional ______________________
d. Locke believed that gov’t power came from the __________________________________________________________
(approval of the people) & that kings should protect the ____________________ of the people
Who’s ideas are right: Hobbes or Locke? Explain
3. The French philosophe ________________________________ was one of the most famous writers of the Enlightenment
a. Voltaire argued for the rights of freedom of ___________________ & ___________________; He criticized intolerance,
prejudice, & oppression
b. Voltaire was _____________________ twice in France for criticizing the gov’t but his letters to European monarchs
helped introduce new reforms & _________________________
Do you agree with Voltaire? Explain
4. Baron de ______________________________ agreed with John Locke that government should protect individual liberties
& that too much power led to ____________________
a. Montesquieu believed in ____________________________________: divide power among 3 branches of government:
__________________ (makes laws), __________________ (carries out laws), __________________ (evaluates laws)
b. Montesquieu’s model of gov’t also included a system of ___________________________________________________
in which each branch of gov’t could _______________ the power of the other ____________________
5. The Swiss philosophe ________________________________________________________ believed in individual freedom
a. Rousseau believed that people are naturally ______________, but power _____________________ them; Free people
form a social contract & gov’t based on the _____________________________________________
b. Rousseau argued for a ______________________________ that is guided by the general will of the majority of citizens
Which form of gov’t is better: Separation of powers or direct democracy? Explain
6. Italian philosophe ______________________________________________________ criticized abuses in the justice system
a. Beccaria was upset with the use of _________________, corrupt judges, secret trials, & severe punishments for crimes
b. Beccaria argued that people accused of crimes should be given a _____________ & _____________________________
and that capital punishment & torture should be ___________________________________
Do you agree with Beccaria? Explain
Closure Activity Analyze excerpts and match them to the correct Enlightenment thinker
Philosophe Guess
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Philosophe Guess
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Reason
Reason