Download ANSWERS Performance Final Study

Biology Final Exam Review Fall
Name: ___________________________
Introduction to Biology
1. What is a dependent variable? What you measure (data)
2. What is an independent variable? The variable that is changed.
(What I did)
3. What is a control?
Part of the experiment not being tested -- used for comparison. (normal, typical)
4. What is an experimental group? Part of the experiment that is being tested
5. A student is studying the effects of radiation on the growth of plants. She exposed four plants of the
same species to different amounts of radiation. After one month of growth, she measured the height of
each plant in centimeters. A fifth plant was not exposed to radiation and allowed to grow in normal
conditions. The results are given in the table below.
Amount of Radiation (rads)
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
Height of plant (cm)
40
35
20
5
A. What is the question the scientist is trying to answer?
How does radiation affect plant growth?
B. What is the independent variable?
Amount of radiation
C. What is the dependent variable?
Plant height
D. What is the control of this experiment?
Plant not exposed to radiation
E. Write one sentence explaining the results of the experiment.
As the amount of radiation increases, plant growth decreases.
9.
a.
b.
c.
d.
In the graph, Howard Basketball Teams, what is measured on the X axis? time
In the graph, Howard Basketball Teams, what is measured on the Y axis? Games won
According to the graph, which group won more games in 1991? boys
Why is a line graph the best choice for this data? Shows change over time
1
10.
a. What is the title of this graph? school attendance and science grades
b. What is measured on the X axis? students
c. What is measured on the Y axis? percentage attendance and grades
d. What conclusions can be made (if any) after reading and interpreting the data shown on this graph? Students
with a high% attendance make a higher science grade
Ecology
1. The study of biology can be studied at different levels. Each level is a system made up of smaller parts.
What is the order of organization of living things starting from the largest level?
a. biosphere
b. ecosystem
c. community
d. population
e. species
f. organism
2. What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things? sun
3. Is this a food chain or web? Web
How do you know? More complicated and
realistic than a food chain
4. Identify one food chain:
plant  grasshopper frog owl
5. What percent of energy is passed from one
trophic level to the next?
10%
6. Use the picture to identify:
a. Herbivore: grasshopper
b. Carnivore: fox
c. Omnivore: mouse
d. Primary Producer: plant
e. Primary Consumer: rabbit
f. Secondary Consumer: snake
g. Tertiary Consumer: owl
2
7. Given this food chain, grass => grasshopper => spider => snake => hawk. Identify all trophic levels and
then identify the producer and different types of consumers.
producer
autotroph
primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer quaternary consumer
herbivore
carnivore
carnivore
carnivore
8. Both energy and nutrients (ex. C, N, O) are passed through an ecosystem. Explain how the path of energy
through an ecosystem is different from the path of nutrients.
-- All energy comes from the sun. Energy does not recycle. Energy is either used by organisms or lost as heat.
-- Nutrients are passed from one organism to another. Nutrients are recycled.
9. Describe the steps of the water cycle include the words, precipitation, evaporation, condensation,
transpiration.
Water moves from lakes, oceans, and rivers to the atmosphere through evaporation.
Water moves from plants to the atmosphere through transpiration.
Water vapor becomes liquid water (rain) through condensation.
Water falls back to earth as precipitation. (Ex: rain, snow, sleet)
9a. Also know the other cycles, such as the nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle and phosphorus cycle.
10. Explain how these words are different:
a. Autotroph vs. heterotroph
autotroph - self feeders
heterotroph- depend on other organisms for their food.
b. Food chain vs. food web
food web - more complicated and realistic than a food chain.
food chain - model showing the movement of energy through an ecosystem.
c. Pioneer community (species) vs. Climax community
primary succession - no soil ex : lava flow
pioneer community species - lichens and mosses are the first to appear
climax community - a stable mature community in which there is little change in the number of species.
d. Habitat vs. niche
habitat - place where an organism lives
niche - a job or role
e. Population vs. community
population - a group of organisms of the same species living together
community - several populations interact
f. Limiting factor vs. carrying capacity
limiting factor - any abiotic factor or biotic factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction, or distribution
of organisms.
3
11. What does it mean if two organisms have a symbiotic relationship? A close permanent relationship between
organisms.
12. Give an example of the following:
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit from the relationship. Tickbirds and zebras.
Parasitism
One organism benefits and the other is harmed. Flea on a dog.
Commensalism
One organism benefits and the other is not affected. Remoras eating scraps
around a shark’s mouth.
13. What are the two types of population growth?
exponential growth
logistics growth
14. What is a limiting factor? limits growth of a population. ex: food, water, light
_______________________________________________________________________
15.
Population of Deer in Georgia
a. Over what time frame were the deer in Georgia
growing exponentially?
1800-1850
b. In approximately what year did the growth
change from exponential to logistic growth?
1850
c. Why did this change in growth happen?
The population went over the carrying capacity.
d. What is the carrying capacity for this curve?
1.5 milllion
e. What are some possible reasons why the deer
population in Georgia reached its carrying
capacity?
Lack of food, space to raise young.
16. Define the following and give an example.
4
Density-Independent limiting
factors
Density-Dependent limiting factors
Definition
Affect all populations in similar ways
regardless of population size.
A limiting factor that depends on density.
Happens when a population is large and
dense.
Example
weather, seasons, cutting
down forests.
competition, predation,
parasitism, disease. Ex:
birds competing for
limited nesting sites.
17. Define the following and give an example.
Abiotic
Biotic
Definition
non-living parts of the environment
all organisms inhabiting the environment
Example
rainfall, temperature, light, soil
living things
18. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession? Give examples of when each would occur.
Primary -- occurs in areas with no life. Ex: lava flow
Secondary - occurs as a result of natural disaster or human interference. Ex: fires, hurricanes,
tornadoes
19. List one example of a pioneer species. Lichens
20. Know the following terms:
a. Habitat: place where an organism lives
b. Food chain: model showing the movement of energy through the ecosystem
c. Autotroph: self feeders -- produce their own food through photosynthesis
d. Heterotroph: depends on other organisms for their food
e. Decomposers: Break down and absorb dead and decaying organisms. Ex: mushrooms and bacteria
f. Niche: Job or role.
g. Food web: Realistic food chain
h. Pioneer species: mosses, lichens
i. Climax community: stable, mature community in which there is little change in the number of species.
j. Carrying Capacity: The largest number of individuals that an environment can support.
k. Population Density: Population size -- the number of organisms / area
Biochemistry
1. Anything that takes up space and has mass is called matter.
2. The building block of all matter is an atom.
3. Explain the difference between a monomer and a polymer:
Monomer - small units
polymer - monomers linked together
4. What element do all organic compounds contain? carbon
5. Key characteristics of carbohydrates
a. What is the function of carbohydrates in the body? Main source of energy
b. What are some examples of carbohydrates? glucose, starch, glycogen
c. What is the monomer? Monosaccharide (glucose)
d. What elements are found in carbohydrates? CHO
6. Key characteristics of lipids
a. What is the function of lipids in the body? stored energy
b. What are some examples of lipids? Fats, waxes, oils
c. What is the monomer? Glycerol and fatty acids
d. What elements are found in lipids? CHO
7. Key characteristics of proteins
a. What is the function of proteins in the body? Structure, catalyze reactions
b. What are some examples of proteins? Muscles, enzymes
c. What is the monomer? Amino acids
d. What elements are found in protein? CHON and sometimes S (sulfur)
5
8. What is the function of nucleic acids in the body?
a. What is the function of nucleic acids? Stores and transmits genetic information
b. What are examples of nucleic acids? DNA and RNA
c. What is the monomer? nucleotides
d. What elements are found in nucleic acid? CHNOP
9. What macromolecule is an enzyme? protein
a. What is the function of enzymes in the body? Catalyst (speeds up reactions)
b. How do enzymes affect activation energy? Lowers activation energy
Enzymes are biological catalysts that help to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed
to start a reaction, Ea.
10. Explain what is happening in the picture above. Substrate approaches enzyme and binds to it
forming the enzyme-substrate complex. The products are released.
12.
11. What would happen if the enzyme is exposed to high temperatures? It changes shape
(denatures) and will not work.
We have learned about cellular respiration,
breaking down glucose in the presence of
oxygen to form ATP, carbon dioxide and
water. The following graph illustrates how
the presence of enzymes in our cells allows
this chemical reaction to happen faster. How
do enzymes help the reaction happen
faster?
Lowers activation energy.
12a. Create a graph that illustrates the following: Enzyme A has a pH range of 0-6, with the optimal pH
being 3.
pH
6
13.
a. What is this molecule?
Water
b. How would you describe its chemical properties?
Polar - uneven distribution of electrons between hydrogen and
oxygen atoms.
c. What is cohesion?
Attraction between the same molecules.
d. What is adhesion?
Attraction between different molecules.
e. A solution is a homogenous mixture. What are the two parts of
a solution that we studied this semester?
Solute and solvent. Water is the universal solvent.
14. What is the pH of acids? 0-7
15. What is the pH of bases? 7-14
16. What is the pH of neutral substances? 7
The Cell
1. Fill out the chart:
Major Organelle Function
a. Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell. Makes ATP.
b. Nucleus
Controls cell activities. Contains DNA.
c. Cell Wall
Supports and protects cell. Found in plants, fungi,
and bacteria.
7
Picture—what does it look like?
d. Ribosome
Makes proteins.
e. Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Transport. Rough -- has ribosomes
Smooth - no ribosomes
f. Golgi apparatus
Sorts, packages, ships, receives
g. Cell membrane
Outer boundary of the cell
h. Vacuole
Storage, large in plants
i. Lysosome
Contains enzymes
j. Centriole
Cell division, pulls chromosomes to ends of cell
k. Cholorplast
Uses energy from the sun to make glucose
8
2. What differences exist between plant and animal cells?
Plants have cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole
3. What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote? Create a memory trick to remember this!!
Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotes have a nucleus, cell membrane, and organelles.
4. How will the “e” look when looking at an object under the microscope? backwards
5. Briefly describe how to set up a wet mount slide:
- specimen is put in the center
- a drop of water is added
- drop a coverslip on at an angle
6. Explain the difference between the coarse and fine focus:
Coarse - focuses image under low power
Fine - sharpens image under high/low magnification
7. Be able to calculate the total magnification of a microscope given the power of the eyepiece and objective. For
example: eyepiece is 10x and the objective is 10x what is the total magnification? 10X X 10X = 100X
8. Define the following terms:
a. Phospholipid bilayer: structural role, gatekeeper. Made of phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins.
b. Selective permeability/ semi-permeable: only certain molecules are able to pass through
c. Cellulose: carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall.
Cell Transport
1. Define the following terms:
a. Diffusion: Particles move until they are evenly distributed from high concentration to low(down a
concentration gradient)
b. Osmosis: diffusion of water across a membrane, from high concentration to low.
c. Facilitated diffusion: movement through proteins (from high to low)
d. Active transport: Requires ATP energy. Movement from low to high concentration
e. Endocytosis: Substance is engulfed (taken in) by the cell.
f. Exocytosis: Materials are put out of the cell.
2. What is the function of the cell membrane? Acts as a gatekeeper; regulates what can enter and leave the cell.
3. Explain the difference between active and passive transport:
Active - requires energy
Passive- does not require energy
4. What would happen if a cell were placed in a hypotonic solution?
9
5. What would happen if a cell were placed in a hypertonic solution?
6. What would happen if a cell were placed in an isotonic solution?
Cell Energy
1. What is ATP and what is its function? Adenosine triphosphate Cell energy source.
2. How does ATP provide energy to the cell (what happens)? Phosphate group is removed, releasing
energy.
3. Which has more potential energy, ATP or ADP? ATP
4. Fill in the missing pieces of the picture:
A. (What are the products of respiration &
reactants of photosynthesis?) carbon dioxide
and water
B. (What are the products of photosynthesis &
reactants of respiration?)
Oxygen and glucose
C
C. (Where does photosynthesis occur?)
chloroplast
D. (Where does respiration occur?)
mitochondria
B
A
D
10
5. Fill out the chart on the two types of respiration:
Aerobic
Oxygen required?
yes
Anaerobic
no
Steps?
yes
no
Where does this
happen?
Net ATP/
Products?
mitochondria
cytoplasm
36 ATP
2 ATP
6. Complete the following table.
Equation
In what type of
organisms will
you find the
process?
Endergonic
(takes in energy)
or Exergonic
(gives off energy)
Photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O+ Energy  C6H12O6 +
6O2
plants
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6CO2 - 6 CO2 + 6 H2O +
ATP Energy
plants and animals
endergonic
exergonic
7. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? The products of photosynthesis are
the reactants of respiration.
11