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8th Grade Earth Science Chapter 7 Key Terms Section 1 1. hot spot: an area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it. 2. island arc: a string of islands formed by the volcanoes along a deep-ocean trench. 3. lava: liquid magma that reaches the surface; also the rock formed when liquid lava hardens 4. magma: the molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases, and water from the mantle 5. Ring of Fire: a major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean 6. volcano: a weak spot in the crust where magma has come to the surface Section 2 1. aa: a slow-moving type of lava that hardens to form rough chunks; cooler than pahoehoe 2. chemical property: any property of a substance that produces a change in the composition of matter 3. compound: a substance in which two or more elements are chemically joined 4. element: a substance in which all the atoms are the same that cannot be broken down into other substances 5. pahoehoe: a hot, fast-moving type of lava that hardens to form smooth, ropelike coils 6. physical property: any characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance 7. silica: a material found in magma that is formed from the elements oxygen and silicon 8. viscosity: a liquid’s resistance to flowing Section 3 1. crater: a bowl-shaped area that forms around a volcano’s central opening; a large round pit caused by the impact of a meteroid 2. dormant: a volcano that is not currently active, but that may become active in the future 3. extinct: a volcano that is no longer active and is unlikely to erupt again 4. lava flow: liquid magma that reaches the surface; also the rock formed when liquid lava hardens 5. magma chamber: the pocket beneath a volcano where magma collects 6. pipe: a long tube through which magma moves from the magma chamber to Earth’s surface 7. pyroclastic flow: the expulsion of ash, cinders, bombs, and gases during an explosive volcanic eruption 8. vent: the opening through which molten rock and gas leave a volcano Section 4 1. batholith: a mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust 2. caldera: the large hole at the top of a volcano formed when the roof of a volcano’s magma chamber collapses 3. cinder cone: a steep, cone-shaped hill or small mountain made of volcanic ash, cinders, and bombs piled up around a volcano’s opening 4. composite volcano: a tall, cone-shaped mountain in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash and other volcanic materials 5. dike: a slab of volcanic rock formed when magma forces itself across rock layers 6. geothermal activity: the heating of underground water by magma 7. geyser a fountain of water and steam that builds up pressure underground and erupts at regular intervals 8th Grade Earth Science Chapter 7 Key Terms 8. shield volcano: a wide, gently sloping mountain made of layers of lava and formed by quiet eruptions 9. sill: a slab of volcanic rock formed when magma squeezes between layers of rock 10. volcanic neck: a deposit of hardened magma in a volcano’s pipe