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Human Anatomy & Physiology 243
G. Blevins & G. Brady; SFCC/2005
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
STUDY GUIDE
Be able to identify the following in microscope, photographs, diagrams, charts, sheep heart, and/or
models:
ORGANS AND STRUCTURES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM:
BLOOD CELLS:
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes: Monocytes, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Neutrophils
Thrombocytes
Slide #46 Human Blood Smear: Be able to identify all the cellular components of blood which are listed
above
HEART AND PERICARDIAL CAVITY:
Cavity, membranes, and surface anatomy:
Mediastinum, Fibrous pericardium, Parietal pericardium, Pericardial cavity, Visceral pericardium
(epicardium), Left and Right Atria, Lt & Rt Ventricles, Coronary sulcus, Ligamentum arteriosum,
Anterior interventricular sulcus, Posterior interventricular sulcus, Lt and Rt auricles,
Internal Anatomy:
Myocardium, Endocardium, Left and Right Atria, Lt & Rt Ventricles, Interatrial septum, Fossa ovalis (foramen
ovale), Pectinate muscles, Interventricular septum, Moderator band, Trabeculae carneae, Tricuspid valve,
Bicuspid valve, Chordae tendinae, Papillary muscle, Pulmonary semilunar valve, Aortic semilunar valve
Histology:
Myocardium: Nucleus, Intercalated discs, Sarcolemma, branching cells
Slide #43: Cardiac Muscle: Be able to identify above structures
BlOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART: know blood flow and be able to identify:
Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, Right Atria, Tricuspid valve, Rt Ventricles, Pulmonary semilunar
valve, Pulmonary trunk, Lt & Rt pulmonary arteries, lung, Lt & Rt pulmonary veins, Left Atria, Bicuspid valve,
Lt Ventricles, Aortic semilunar valve, Ascending aorta, Aortic arch, Thoracic aorta
CORONARY CIRCULATION: know blood flow and be able to identify:
Left coronary artery, Circumflex artery, Anterior interventricular branch, Right coronary artery,
Marginal branch, Posterior interventricular branch, Coronary sinus, Great cardiac vein,
Middle cardiac vein, Small cardiac vein
ANATOMY OF BLOOD VESSELS: Be able to identify artery and vein on microscopic slide #40 and
#44. Be able to identify the following basic layers and structures within those layers:
TUNICA INTERNA: Endothelium, Basement membrane, Internal elastic lamina.
TUNICA MEDIA: Smooth muscle, external elastic lamina
A/P 243, Cardiovascular System Lab Study Guide
G.Blevins & G. Brady, Page 2
TUNICA EXTERNA: Dense irregular connective tissue
PRINCIPLE ARTERIES: for arteries and veins with common named your answer must include either
artery or vein (identify as left or right)
Interal carotid
Popliteal
Hepatic
External carotid
Anterior & Posterior tibial
Renal
Common carotid
Vertebral
Common iliac
Axillary
Brachiocephalic trunk
Internal iliac
Radial
Subclavian
External iliac
Superficial palmar arch
Brachial
Dorsalis pedis
Common hepatic
Ulnar
Peroneal
Superior mesenteric
Celiac trunk
Gonadal (testicular or ovarian)
Splenic
Femoral
Gastric
PRINCIPLE VEINS: (identify as right or left)
Superior vena cava
Inferior mesenteric
Inferior vena cava
Femoral
Internal jugular
Great saphenous
Subclavian
Small saphenous
Axillary
Posterior tibial
Basilic
Anterior tibial
Splenic
Brachiocephalic
Superior mesenteric
Superior sagittal sinus
Dorsal venous arch
External iliac
Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Peroneal
Cephalic
Brachial
Hepatic
Hepatic portal
Renal
Common iliac
Internal iliac
(CHAPTER 19: THE BLOOD)
1.)
Know the normal components of adult blood. Percentage of blood plasma, formed elements, water,
proteins and other solutes.
2.)
Know the various blood cells. Know normal values for hematocrit, differential white blood cell count,
function of the various white blood cells and the significance of elevated or depressed white blood cell
counts, and normal RBC and platelet count.
3.)
Understand the process of hemopoiesis including the following cells: hemocytoblast (pluripotent stem
cell),
STEM CELLS: proerythroblast, myeloblast, monoblast, lymphoblast, megakaryoblast;
MATURE CELLS: erythrocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, B and Tlymphocytes, thrombocytes, macrophage, plasma cell; and the hormones that regulate their
development (erythropoietin), thrombopoietin, cytokines.
IMMATURE CELLS: band cell, reticulocytes.
4.)
Understand the destruction of RBC's and the recycling of, or waste removal of hemoglobin
components.
A/P 243, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE, G. Blevins & G. Brady, Page 3
5.)
Know the steps in blood vessel repair and hemostatic response to stop or reduce blood loss: vascular
spasm, platelet plug formation (platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, platelet plug), and blood
clotting (both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways and the common pathway: Pages 645-649; 672-677, 6th
ed.)
6.)
Understand ABO blood groups and blood typing. Know antigens (AKA isoantigens or
aggluntinogens) and antibodies (AKA isoantibodies or agglutinins) for all blood types.
7.)
Understand the following medical terms and disorders: anemia, sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia,
leukemia, leukocytosis, leukopenia, jaundice, hypervolemic, hypovolemic, thrombocytopenia,
thrombus, septicemia.
(CHAPTER 20: THE HEART)
1.)
Know the conduction and pacemaker system: SA node, AV node, bundle of His, right and left bundle
branches, purkinje fibers.
2.)
Know the histology of cardiac muscle cells. Review slides for nucleus, intercalated disc, branches,
striations, gap junctions and desmosomes.
3.)
Understand the physiology of cardiac muscle contractions: voltage-gated fast Na+ channels, rapid
depolarization, plateau, voltage-gated slow Ca2+ channels, repolarization, voltage-gated slow K+
channels, refractory period.
4.)
Understand the parts of an EKG and be able to identify the actions of the heart with each EKG wave
pattern: P wave, QRS wave, T wave, atrial and ventricular depolarization, atrial and ventricular
repolarization, P-Q interval, S-T segment, Q-T interval, isovolumetric relaxation, end-diastolic volume,
rapid ventricular filling, diastasis, atrial systole, ventricular systole, isovolumetric contraction,
ventricular ejection, end systolic volume (ESV) and know when AV and semilunar valves are open or
closed.
5.)
Know the heart sounds and what causes them. Also know abnormal heart sounds: murmur and
mitral valve prolapse.
6.)
Know how to calculate cardiac output (CO), stroke volume, heart rate, and cardiac reserve. Know the
factors that increase or decrease CO..
7.)
Understand the regulation of heart rate: cardiovascular center, atrial reflex, chemoreceptors,
baroreceptors, cardiac accelerator center, vagus (X) nerves.
8.)
Know the following disorders and medical terms: angina pectoris, angioplasty, bradycardia,
tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac tamponade, carditis, coronary artery disease (CAD),
coronary ischemia, myocardial infarction, coronary thrombosis, pericarditis, electrocardiogram,
9.)
Understand the factors that regulate stroke volume (preload, contractility and afterload), and know the
Frank-Starling law of the heart.
A/P 243, CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE, G. Blevins & G. Brady, Page 4
(CHAPTER 21: BLOOD VESSELS AND HEMODYNAMICS)
1.)
Know the various types of arteries, capillaries and veins. Know what anastomoses are.
2.)
Understand the process of capillary exchange, diffusion, filtration, reabsorption, CHP, BP, IHP,
BCOP, ICOP, NFP. Know how to calculate net filtration rate (NFP).
3.)
Understand the physiology of circulation/hemodynamics. Blood pressure and factors that affect it:
resistance/systemic vascular resistance, blood viscosity, total peripheral resistance, blood vessel
length and radius, venous return, turbulence.
4.)
Understand the measurement of and values for blood pressure: sphygmomanometer, systolic
pressure, diastolic pressure, Korotkoff sounds, pulse pressure. Pages 705-707; 734-736, 6th ed.
5.)
Understand nervous, hormonal, and autoregulation of blood pressure: cardiovascular center,
accelerator nerves, vasomotor nerves, vagus nerves, baroreceptors, carotid sinus, carotid bodies and
aortic sinuses and reflex, atrial reflex, epinephrine and norepinephrine, ADH (vasopressin), and atrial
natriuretic peptide (ANP).
6.)
Understand shock and homeostasis of the cardiovascular system. Know the four types of shock (See
lecture notes).
7.)
Be familiar with fetal circulation and the following structures: ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, ductus
venosus, umbilical vein, and umbilical arteries.
8.)
Be familiar with the following clinical terminology: anastomoses, auscultation, ateriosclerosis,
atherosclerosis, Korotkoff sounds, aneurysm, edema, hypertension, hypotension, pulmonary
embolism, sphygmomanometer, thrombus, varicose veins.
(Chapter 22: THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM)
1.)
Know the basic structure involved in lymphatic circulation, (and be able to find them on the charts and
models in the lab): lacteals, thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct, thymus, spleen, cisterna chyli, axillary
nodes, inguinal nodes, cervical nodes and iliac nodes.
P. 752-756; 779-783. Also, spleen and thymus.
2.)
Know the structure of a lymph node: capsule, trabeculae, cortex, follicles, lymphocytes (T-cells & Bcells), macrophages, follicular dendritic cells, germinal center, medulla, medullary cords, afferent
vessels, sinuses, efferent vessels, and hilus.
3.)
Be able to identify the following lymphatic nodules: pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids), palatine tonsils, and
lingual tonsils.