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Ch 20: Reading Poetry 1. doggerel 2. paraphrase 3. metaphor 4. speaker 5. verse 6. anagrams 7. theme 8. lyric 9. narrative poem 10. epic 11. cliches 12. stock responses 13. sentimentality Ch 21: Writing About Poetry none Ch 22: Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone 1. diction 2. poetic diction 3. formal diction 4. middle diction 5. informal diction 6. colloquially 7. dialect 8. jargon 9. denotations 10. connotations 11. persona 12. ambiguity 13. syntax 14. tone 15. dramatic monologue 16. carpe diem 17. allusion Ch 23: Images 1. image Ch 24: Figures of Speech 1. figures of speech 2. metaphor 3. implied metaphor 4. extended metaphor 5. controlling metaphor 6. pun 7. synecdoche 8. metonymy 9. personification 10. apostrophe 11. overstatement/hyperbole 12. understatement 13. paradox 14. oxymoron Ch 25: Symbol, Allegory, and Irony 1. symbol 2. conventional symbol 3. literary/contextual symbol 4. allegory 5. didactic poetry 6. irony 7. situational irony 8. verbal irony 9. satire 10. dramatic irony 11. cosmic irony Ch 26: Sounds 1. ballad 2. literary ballads 3. onomatopoeia 4. alliteration 5. assonance 6. euphony 7. cacophony 8. rhyme 9. eye rhyme 10. end rhyme 11. internal rhyme 12. masculine rhyme 13. feminine rhyme 14. exact rhyme 15. near/off/slant/approximate rhyme: the sounds are almost but not exactly alike. A common form of near rhyme is consonance, which consists of identical consonant sounds preceded by different vowel sounds 16. consonance: a common type of near rhyme that consists of identical consonant sounds preceded by different vowel sounds: home, same; worth, breath Ch 27: Patterns of Rhyme 1. rhythm: a term used to refer to the recurrence of stressed and unstressed sounds in poetry. Depending on how sounds are arranged, the rhythm of a poem may be fast or slow, choppy or smooth 2. stress/accent: the emphasis given a syllable in pronunciation 3. meter: when a rhythmic pattern of stresses recurs in a poem, it is called meter. Metrical patterns are determined by the type and number of feet in a line of verse; combining the name of a line length with the name of a foot concisely describes the meter of the line 4. prosody: the overall metrical structure of a poem 5. scansion: the process of measuring the stresses in a line of verse in order to determine the metrical pattern of the line 6. foot: the metrical unity by which a line of poetry is measured. A foot usually consist of one stressed and one or two unstressed syllables 7. rising meters: refers to metrical feet which move from unstressed to stressed sounds, such as the iambic foot and the anapestic foot 8. falling meters: refers to metrical feet which move from stressed to unstressed sounds, such as the trochaic foot and the dactylic foot 9. line: a sequence of words printed as a separate entity on the page. In poetry, lines are usually measured by the number of feet they contain 10. iambic pentameter: a metrical pattern in poetry which consists of five iambic feet per line 11. blank verse : unrhymed iambic pentameter. Black verse is the English verse form closest to the natural rhythms of English speech and therefore is the most common pattern found in traditional English narrative and dramatic poetry from Shakespeare to the early twentieth century 12. spondee : a foot consisting of two stressed syllables (“dead set”), but is not a sustained metrical foot and is used mainly for variety or emphasis 13. masculine ending : a line that ends with a stressed syllable 14. feminine ending : a line that ends with an extra unstressed syllable 15. caesura: a pause within a line of poetry that contributes to the rhythm of the line. A caesura can occur anywhere within a line and need not be indicated by punctuation 16. end-stopped line : a poetic line that has a pause at the end. End-stopped lines reflect normal speech patterns and are often marked by punctuation 17. run-on line: see enjambment 18. enjambment: in poetry, when one line ends without a pause and continues into the next line for its meaning. This is also called a run-on line