Download Chapter 10 Reading Guide: Mendel`s Laws of Heredity and

Chapter 10 Reading Guide: Mendel’s Laws of Heredity and Meiosis
1. Describe heredity and give an example the shows heredity: ____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________example: _________________________
2. What are traits and give an example of a trait: _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________example: _____________________________
3. What is genetics? _____________________________________________________________________
4. Who was Gregor Mendel? ______________________________________________________________
5. Why did Mendel use pea plants in his studies? ______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. What are gametes and give the examples of human gametes:____________________________________
_________________________________________examples: _____________________________________
7. Describe fertilization: __________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. What is a zygote? _____________________________________________________________________.
9. Describe pollination __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
10. Describe IN DETAIL how Mendel cross-pollinated his pea plants: ______________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
11. What is a hybrid? _____________________________________________________________________
12. What is a “mono”hybrid cross? __________________________________________________________
13. What two types of pea plants did Mendel cross to make his first generation of pea plant offspring (What
did the parent plants look like)? _________________________________________________________
14. What did all the first generation offspring have in common? __________________________________
15. What two types of pea plants did Mendel cross to make his second generation of pea plant offspring (What
did the parent plants look like)? ____________________________________________________
16. What did the second generation offspring look like? __________________________________________
17. What happened to the short trait in the first generation? _______________________________________
18. What happened to the short trait in the second generation? _____________________________________
19. What does P1 stand for? ____________________________________________________
20. What does filial mean? _____________________________________________________
21. What does F1 stand for? ____________________________________________________
22. What does F2 stand for? ____________________________________________________
23. Summarize the “Rule of Unit Factors”: ____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
24. Can genes exist in alternate forms like ice cream exists in different flavors? ___________________
25. What do we call the different flavors of a gene? ________________________________
26. Give two allele examples for the following genes:
a. Eye color: ___blue, green, brown, hazel________________________________
b. Hair color: _______________________________________________________________
c. Skin color: _______________________________________________________________
d. Fur coloring: _____________________________________________________________
e. Gender: _________________________________________________________________
27. How many alleles does an organism get? _____________________________________________
28. Where do these alleles come from? _________________________________________________
29. What makes a trait dominant? ___________________________________________________________
30. What makes a trait recessive? ___________________________________________________________
31. In pea plants is tallness dominant or recessive and how do you know? ____________________________
32. List the dominant and recessive traits of pea plants from Figure 10.3:
Gene (trait)
Dominant allele (form)
Recessive allele (form)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
33. Summarize the “Rule of Dominance”: _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
34. Summarize the “Law of Segregation”: _____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
******Skip to 10.2 on page 263: Meiosis
1. Chromosomes exist in ______________. One _________________ from each pair came from the
_______________________ and the other one came from the ______________________________.
2. A diploid cell has _________________________________________________________________.
3. A haploid cell has _________________________________________________________________.
4. Fill in the blank with either haploid or diploid:
i. A 2n cell is a ___________ cell.
ii. An n cell is a ___________ cell.
iii. Gamete cells are ______________ cells.
iv. Body cells are _______________ cells.
v. During mitosis, _________________ cells are made.
vi. During meiosis, _________________ cells are made.
vii. In humans, a ______________ cell has 23 chromosomes
viii. In humans, a ______________ cell has 46 chromosomes
ix. In humans, a ______________ cell has 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.
5. Describe homologous chromosomes: ______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Draw the pair of homologous chromosomes in Figure 10.10:
7. In figure 10.10 – one allele is a little “a” while the other is a big “A”: How can these chromosomes still be
considered homologous? ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
8. What would happen to our offspring if the only cell division our cells could do was mitosis? _________
______________________________________________________________________________________
9. What is meiosis? _____________________________________________________________________
10. Why do sexually reproducing organisms have to be able to perform meiosis to make their sex cells? ___
______________________________________________________________________________________
11. Sperm are ________________________.
12. Eggs are _________________________.
13. When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting _______________ once again has the _______________ set
of chromosomes.
14. Draw figure 10.11 on page 266 below:
15. Briefly describe the phases of meiosis:
a. Interphase: _________________________________________________________________
b. Prophase I: _________________________________________________________________
c. Metaphase I: ________________________________________________________________
d. Anaphase I : ________________________________________________________________
e. Telophase I: _________________________________________________________________
f. Prophase II: _________________________________________________________________
g. Metaphase II: ________________________________________________________________
h. Anaphase II : ________________________________________________________________
i. Telophase II: ________________________________________________________________
16. At the end of meiosis II, what has formed? _________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
17. What is crossing over? (pg # ______) _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
18. What is genetic recombination (pg #___________ )? __________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
19. What is nondisjunction? (pg # ______________) ____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
20. What does polyploidy mean? ____________________________________________________________
21. In what organisms does polyploidy occur the most often? _____________________________________
22. If genes are ____________________ together on the ______________________ chromosome, they
usually are ______________________________________________________________. This is called
__________________________________________.