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Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Curriculum Guide for Pharmacy Technician Programs This guide briefly describes the typical requirements for a Pharmacy Technician educational program in the United States. However, requirements can vary greatly state by state. You should supplement the information found in this guide by researching your state's individual requirements. Information to help you is included within. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . P age 2 o f 3 3 Table of Contents I. OVERVIEW Information on exactly what the position of Pharmacy Technician entails, the environments (workplace settings) they work in, their role in the field of health care, and their relationship to patients. Includes the latest information from the US Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics on Pharmacy Technician job statistics nationwide, trends, specialization opportunities, and salary ranges across the country. Organizations that support, monitor, govern, or otherwise relate to the Pharmacy Technician field are also mentioned. Career Description, Roles, and Responsibilities Career Employment Outlook Relevant Associations II. ACCREDITATION AND CERTIFICATION For the School: Contact information for nationally recognized governing bodies in the Pharmacy Technician field. Requirements often vary by state, and where applicable, information is supplied on how to contact state/local agencies. For the Student: Contact information for nationally recognized certifying agencies, requirements and exceptions for licensure, details on levels and degrees of licensure. Program Accrediting Bodies and Accreditation Requirements Licensing and Certification Requirements III. PROGRAM PROFILE A comprensive introduction to the overall goals of the program, standards of practice, staffing requirements, physical requirements, student populations, and legal issues. Length Setting Instructor Profile IV. CURRICULUM Curriculum models, standard and optional course requirements, addressing compentencies, sample curricula, and course schedules by hours or semesters Basic Curriculum: Courses/Subject Areas Sample Schedule of Courses V. JOB PLACEMENT ASSISTANCE/SERVICES Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 3 o f 3 3 VI. APPENDICES Supplemental information specifically relevant to Pharmacy Technician education and practice Appendix A: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Titles for Pharmacy Technician Curricula Appendix B: Glossary of Terms Appendix C: Pharmacy Technician Technical Knowledge Statements for Three Functional Areas of Pharmacy Technician Certification Examination Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 4 o f 3 3 I. OVERVIEW Pharmacy Technician is one of the fastest growing health care careers today, due to the shortage of pharmacists, the increased pharmaceutical needs of a larger and older population, and the increased use of medication. (Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2004-05 Edition, Pharmacy Technicians, on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos252.htm [visited September 2004]. Career Description, Roles, and Responsibilities Pharmacy Technicians assist licensed pharmacists in providing medication and other health care products to patients. Pharmacy Technicians perform more complex duties than a Pharmacy Aide, who performs mainly clerical or cashier duties in a pharmacy. Pharmacy Technicians work in retail stores, hospitals, long-term care facilities, home care, the military, and correctional facilities. Pharmacy Technician duties and responsibilities may vary from state to state and workplace to workplace. New roles and responsibilities for the Pharmacy Technician continue to emerge as a result of practice innovation and new technologies. Depending on the setting—community or hospital—the duties of the Pharmacy Technician vary greatly. Below are typical duties and responsibilities for Pharmacy Technicians in both retail and hospital settings (source: Pharmacy Technician Certification Board [www.ptcb.org]): Community Pharmacy Technician (Retail: drug stores, grocery or department stores) Help patients who are dropping off or picking up prescription orders Enter prescription orders into the computer Create or update the profile of the patient’s health and insurance information in the computer Assist the pharmacist, under direct supervision, in the practice of pharmacy, in accordance with local, state, federal, and company regulations Communicate with insurance carriers to obtain payment for prescription claims At point of sale, verify that customer receives correct prescription(s) Complete weekly distribution center medication orders, place orders on shelves, and verify all associated paperwork Assist the pharmacist with filling and labeling prescriptions Prepare the pharmacy inventory Screen telephone calls for the pharmacist Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 5 o f 3 3 Communicate with prescribers and their agents to obtain refill authorization Compound oral solutions, ointments, and creams Prepackage bulk medications Maintain an awareness of developments in the community and pharmaceutical fields that relate to job responsibilities and integrate them into own practices Assist in training new employees Assist other Pharmacy Technicians Assist pharmacist in scheduling and maintaining workflow Maintain knowledge of loss-prevention techniques Hospital Pharmacy Technician Rotate through all work areas of the pharmacy Transport medications, drug-delivery devices, and other pharmacy equipment from the pharmacy to nursing units and clinics Pick up copies of physician orders, automated medication administration records, and unused medications from the nursing units and return them to the pharmacy Fill patient medication cassettes Prepare medications and supplies for dispensing, including: o prepackaging bulk medications o compounding ointments, creams, oral solutions, and other medications o preparing chemotherapeutic agents o compounding total parenteral nutrition solutions o compounding large-volume intravenous mixtures o packaging and preparing drugs being used in clinical investigations o preparing prescriptions for outpatients o checking continuous unit dose medications Control and audit narcotics/stock substance Assist pharmacists in entering medication orders into the computer system Prepare inventories, order drugs and supplies from the storeroom, receive drugs, and stock shelves in various pharmacy locations Screen telephone calls Perform monthly nursing unit inspections, maintain workload records, and collect quality-assurance data Assist in training new employees Assist other Pharmacy Technicians Coordinate insurance billing, including third-party prescriptions Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 6 o f 3 3 Unit dose delivery to automated dispensing technology Triage telephone/window inquiries Career Employment Opportunities According to the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Pharmacy Technicians held about 200,000 jobs in 2002. About two-thirds of all jobs were in retail pharmacies, grocery stores, department stores, etc. About 22% of jobs were in hospitals. The average salary for a Pharmacy Technician is $10.50 per hour; Certified Pharmacy Technicians are usually paid more. (Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2004-05 Edition.) Relevant Associations Several national and local organizations support Pharmacy Technicians. Two of the largest are the National Pharmacy Technician Association and the American Association of Pharmacy Technicians, both of which are discussed in detail below. National Pharmacy Technician Association (NPRA) P.O. Box 683148 Houston, TX 77268 Phone: 888-247-8700 Website: http://www.pharmacytechnician.org The National Pharmacy Technician Association is the world’s largest organization solely dedicated to the Pharmacy Technician and has approximately 20,000 members worldwide. NPTA advocates mandatory certification and offers continuing education for its members. American Association of Pharmacy Technicians (AAPT) P.O. Box 1447 Greensboro, NC 27402 Phone: 877-368-4771 Website: http://www.pharmacytechnician.com Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 7 o f 3 3 The American Association of Pharmacy Technicians (AAPT) was instrumental in development of the Model Curriculum for Pharmacy Technicians. AAPT also provides continuing education for Pharmacy Technicians. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 8 o f 3 3 II. ACCREDITATION AND CERTIFICATION Program Accrediting Body(ies) and Accreditation Requirements Council on Credentialing in Pharmacy (CCP)/American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) 7272 Wisconsin Ave Bethesda, MD 20814 Phone: 301-657-3000 – Ext. 1251 Website: http://www.ashp.org ASHP is a national professional association with 200,000-members representing pharmacy staff who practice in hospitals, health maintenance organizations, long-term care facilities, home care, and other components of health care systems. ASHP accredits over 90 Pharmacy Technician training programs mainly at vocational, technical, or community colleges. (Source: ASHP) Currently, over 240 vocational/technical/career schools and community colleges offer Pharmacy Technician training programs across the United States. Many of these schools are accredited by ASHP and/or by institutional accrediting bodies such as the: Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) Address: 35 East Wacker Drive, Suite 1970, Chicago, Il 60601 Phone: 312/553-9355 Website: http://www.caahep.org Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools (ABHES) (170 Medical Assistant programs are accredited by ABHES) Address: 7777 Leesburg Pike, Suite 314 N. Falls Church, VA 22043 Phone: 703/917-9503 Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 9 o f 3 3 Website: http://www.abhes.org Council on Occupational Education (COE) (www.council.org) Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS) (www.acics.org) Licensing and Certification Requirements Although nationally formal training is not required to become a Pharmacy Technician, the trend is growing toward formal training and requiring certification for employment as a Pharmacy Technician. Some states require registration of Pharmacy Technicians. In most states, Pharmacy Technicians are regulated by state pharmacy boards. Ohio is the only state that does not regulate Pharmacy Technicians. Twenty-one states now require a Pharmacy Technician to be certified to practice as a Pharmacy Technician. The number of states requiring certification is growing rapidly. Currently, Arkansas, Alabama, Arizona, California, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wyoming require certification. Since 1999, over 185,000 Pharmacy Technicians have received national certification from the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board. The Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PTCB) administers the National Pharmacy Technician Certification exam. To be eligible for the test, a candidate must have a high school diploma (or GED) and no felony convictions. The title of Certified Pharmacy Technician (CPhT) is given to those passing the exam. The exam is given nationwide three times a year. The exam consists of 125 multiple-choice questions on knowledge and skills for activities performed by Pharmacy Technicians. Content covers three Pharmacy Technician function areas: 1. Assisting the Pharmacist in Serving Patients – 64% of the exam 2. Maintaining Medication and Inventory Control Systems – 25% of the exam 3. Participating in the Administration and Management of Pharmacy Practice – 11% of the exam (See Appendix B for detailed knowledge statements of each function area.) Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 1 0 o f 3 3 Renewal of Pharmacy Technician certification is required every two years. Twenty-four contract hours of pharmacy-related topics (One contract hours must be pharmacy law) is required to be eligible for recertification. For more information, contact: Pharmacy Technician Certification Board (PCTB) 2215 Constitution Ave. NW Washington, DC 20037 Phone: 202-429-7576 Website: http://www.ptcb.org Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 11 o f 3 3 III. PROGRAM PROFILE Length Formal programs vary in length from 15 weeks to one year, resulting in a certificate or diploma, or two years, resulting in an Associate Degree. A minimum of 600 hours of training is required for formal programs accredited by the Association of Heath-Systems Pharmacists (AHSP). Setting Pharmacy Technician programs are offered in vocational/technical postsecondary schools, career schools/colleges, and community colleges with a Pharmacy Technician externship (practical experience) in a health care setting. Instruction consists of a combination of classroom and laboratory experience. Instructor Profile There are no specific national qualifications for an instructor of a Pharmacy Technician program. Check with individual states for specific state qualifications. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 1 2 o f 3 3 IV. CURRICULUM Basic Curriculum: Courses/Subject Areas MODEL CURRICULUM FOR PHARMACY TECHNICIAN TRAINING (Source: http://www.ashp.org/technician) Modules: 1. Orientation to Pharmacy Practice 2. Therapeutic Agents for the Nervous System 3. Therapeutic Agents for the Skeletal System 4. Therapeutic Agents for the Muscular System 5. Therapeutic Agents for the Cardiovascular System 6. Therapeutic Agents for the Respiratory System 7. Therapeutic Agents for the Gastrointestinal System 8. Therapeutic Agents for the Renal System 9. Therapeutic Agents for the Reproductive Systems 10. Therapeutic Agents for the Immune System 11. Therapeutic Agents for Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat 12. Therapeutic Agents for the Dermatologic System 13. Therapeutic Agents for the Hematologic System 14. Collecting, Organizing, and Evaluating Information 15. Purchase of Pharmaceuticals, Devices, and Supplies 16. Control of Inventory 17. Assessment of Medication Orders/Prescriptions 18. Preparation of Noncompounded Products 19. Preparation of Nonsterile Compounded Products 20. Preparation of Sterile Compounded Products 21. Preparation of Cytotoxic and Hazardous Medication Products 22. Medication Distribution 23. Identification of Patients for Counseling 24. Medication Safety 25. Collection of Payment (Billing) 26. Monitoring Medication Therapy Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 1 3 o f 3 3 27. Maintenance of Equipment and Facilities 28. Investigational Medication Products 29. Personal Qualities of Technicians 30. Certification 31. Pharmacy Organizations 32. Management of Change 33. Acute Care Practice (Option Long-Term Care) Experience 34. Home Care Practice Experience 35. Ambulatory Clinic with Infusion Services Practice Experience 36. Community or Outpatient Pharmacy Practice Experience Prerequisite Courses High school graduate (or possess GED) with no criminal record and individual formal program requirements Core Courses Medical Terminology and Anatomy and Physiology Pharmacy Law and Ethics Pharmaceutical Mathematics and Calculations Drug Classifications Aseptic Techniques Pharmacy recordkeeping Externship Other Courses/Electives (To be determined) Sample Schedule of Courses (Source: Silicon Valley College/US Education Corp) 51 Weeks, 1140 Clock Hours, Program 52 Semester Credit Hours Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 1 4 o f 3 3 Introduction to Health Care (8 Credits) This introductory course into health care occupations is designed to prepare students for a broad spectrum of training in several allied health care occupations. Subjects covered include medical terminology, abbreviations, basic anatomy and physiology, and introduction to health care occupations. Pharmacology/Pharmacy Law (6 Credits) This course provides an introduction to the concept of pharmacology uses and effects of drugs, its standard classification, and dosages. Students will learn abbreviations for terms associated with uses of drug therapy for common diseases; includes federal and state laws governing the practice of pharmacy and all activities related to the delivery of pharmacy. Ambulatory Pharmacy (6 Credits) This course provides the basic theories, principles, and hands-on skills necessary to function effectively as technicians in an ambulatory pharmacy. It includes concepts of drug and SIG mnemonics in the following: generating prescription labels and purchasing drugs, warning labels, interpretation of written prescription, transcribing prescriptions into patient profiles, pulling, filling, and pricing prescriptions and OTC drugs as well as filling, storing, and inventorying controlled substances; ordering and returning to stock, billing, and commercial pricing of drugs. Pharmacology and Data Entry (6 Credits) In this course, students learn the use and effects of drugs commonly used to treat diseases affecting the different systems of the body. To achieve this, students must first master and understand the basic anatomy and physiology of the body system. For each drug, the student will learn the nomenclature, standard pronunciation, therapeutics, pharmacokinetics, dosage forms and routes of administration. Use of a standard computer database system is employed in a variety of pharmacy practice environments to accurately and effectively enter and retrieve data. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 1 5 o f 3 3 Intravenous Admixture (6 Credits) This course is the study of compounding sterile products according to set standards utilizing aseptic techniques, interpretation of IV orders, drug and solution incompatibilities and includes the quality assurance of finished solutions, dosage calculations, labeling IV admixtures, and flow rate calculations as well as the preparation of compounded sterile products including TPN, chemotherapy, and pre-filled syringes. Pharmaceutical Compounding (6 Credits) The application of quality assurance procedures to compounded non-sterile pharmaceutical products is the focus of this course, and it includes calculating appropriate amounts of each ingredient and correct pharmaceutical techniques in compounding according to the laws and standards that govern the preparation of non-sterile products. Hospital In-Patient Pharmacy (6 Credits) Students learn the system of drug distribution in a hospital in-patient setting. The course includes the concepts and procedures of: automated medication-dispensing systems such as the Pyxis machine; the use of cassettes and cassette exchanges; interpretation and transcription of medication orders into patient drug profiles; labeling intravenous admixtures; and preparing emergency kits and carts. Students also learn awareness of the most common medication errors, home health care practice, and pharmacy computers. Externship (6 Weeks) (5 Credits) This course provides the student with an opportunity to put into practice all theory and clinical and/or administrative laboratory hands-on applications learned in the classroom/lab portion of training, working as member of a health care or business team in the community. Subjects covered may include all clinical and/or administrative applications learned in the classroom and laboratory during school training. This externship experience typically runs 40 hours a week. Students on externship shall not receive monetary compensation for this training. Externships are conducted between the hours of 8 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday only. Job Search Techniques and Clinical Competencies (3 Weeks) (3 Credits) This course assists the medical student to find and hold a job. Students attend basic job preparation workshops and are assisted on a one-on-one basis with resumes, cover letters, thank you letters, developing basic interviewing techniques, learning job negotiating skills and mock interviews. Students prepare for externship by reviewing clinical and/or Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 1 6 o f 3 3 administrative competencies according to program skills inventories to assure appropriate performance on the externship job site. Career management pointers and CPR certification are included in this module. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 1 7 o f 3 3 V. JOB PLACEMENT ASSISTANCE/SERVICES Most, if not all, education programs provide job placement assistance to graduating students. It is strongly recommended, as job placement is a measure of the program’s success, attractiveness to potential students, and is often part of the accreditation criteria. A placement service may be designed solely for the Pharmacy Technician program or may be part of the parent institution placement services. Services often include direct placement, job leads, job boards, job fairs, employment agencies, referrals, preparatory instruction (resumes, interviewing, letters of recommendation, application assistance, etc.), search assistance, internships, association memberships, and agency contacts. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 1 8 o f 3 3 VI. APPENDICES Appendix A: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Titles for Pharmacy Technician Curricula1 Orientation to Pharmacy Practice and Health Care Delivery Systems Mohr: Lab Experiences for the Pharmacy Technician (ISBN: 978-0-7817-5665-5) An ideal laboratory manual for students, this new text covers the valuable skills a pharmacy technician needs to assist the pharmacist in dispensing retail prescriptions, preparing patient medication orders and extemporaneous compounds, and performing I.V. admixtures using proper aseptic techniques. University of Sciences in Philadelphia (USIP): Remington: Science and Practice of Pharmacy – 21st Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-4673-1) A definitive reference for over 100 years on all aspects of the science and practice of pharmacy. The text covers the history of pharmacy, ethics and pharmacy education and practice. Thompson: A Practical Guide to Contemporary Pharmacy Practice – 2nd Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-4177-4) A source of basic information on standards of practice. Includes a CD-ROM with interactive self-assessment questions and demonstrations of compounding procedures. 1 Titles current as of June 2005. Please contact your LWW sales representative for updates or revisions. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 1 9 o f 3 3 Finkel: Patient Care Management Lab: A Workbook for Prescription Practice – 2nd Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-6569-5) Focuses on reading, filling, and evaluating prescriptions in relation to patient profiles. Includes numerous patient profiles and actual prescriptions. Communication (Oral & Written -Customer Relations) Beardsley/ Tindall/Kimberlin: Communication Skills in Pharmacy Practice - 5th Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-6598-5) Presents communication concepts, theories and skills with case studies and sample dialogues. Includes information on how to work with language barriers, persons with disabilities, and cross-cultural issues. Medical Terminology Stedman's Medical Dictionary for Health Professions and Nursing Illustrated, 5th Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-4426-3) Core vocabulary resource for students, featuring over 51,000 entries and over 900 illustrations and images, most in four color. Bonus CD packaged with the dictionary, contains all the content of the dictionary including audio pronunciation for nearly all 51,000 terms. Cohen: Medical Terminology – An Illustrated Guide, 5th Edition (TEXT ISBN: 978-0-7817-7667-7) (TEXT & ONLINE COURSE WEBCT, BLACKBOARD AND THEPOINT ISBN: 978-0-7817-6579-4) (TEXT & 4TH EDITION BLACKBOARD ONLINE COURSE ISBN: 978-0-7817-8625-6) Now in its Fifth Edition, this richly illustrated guide is a comprehensive introduction to medical terminology. It provides extensive coverage of terms related to structure and function, disorders, diagnosis and treatments. It features a user-friendly layout, basic approach to the subject, and numerous learning exercises. This edition includes updated terminology and drug information, an introduction to medical dictionaries, and an appendix on how to use Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 2 0 o f 3 3 A free bound-in CD-ROM contains Stedman's audio pronunciations and exercises for students. LiveAdvise: Medical Terminology—an online student tutoring and faculty support service—is free with the book. A fully customizable online course created specifically for this text is available as an additional purchase. ALSO AVAILABLE: Instructor’s Resource Manual/Test Generator CD Package; online image bank. Visit: http://thepoint.lww.com/ cohen5e Collins: A Short Course in Medical Terminology, Revised Reprint (TEXT ISBN: 978-0-7817-8698-0) (TEXT & ONLINE COURSE ISBN: 978-0-7817-9044-4) (ONLINE COURSE ACCESS CODE ONLY ISBN: 978-0-7817-9502-9) This 'quick and easy' medical terminology textbook is appropriate for 1 or 2 credit courses or self-study. It presents students with an efficient and effective way to study. While brief in approach, it is sufficiently comprehensive to give users a sound understanding of terminology upon completion. Information is presented in clear study tables, with exercises and pre-quiz checklists to ensure students understand the material before moving onto the next topic. ALSO AVAILABLE: Instructor's Resource CD-ROM (978-0-7817-8851-9) Nath: Using Medical Terminology – A Practical Approach (TEXT ISBN: 978-0-7817-4868-1) (TEXT & WEBCT ONLINE COURSE ISBN: 978-0-7817-5973-1) (TEXT & WEBCT HOSTED ONLINE COURSE ISBN: 978-0-7817-6317-2) (TEXT & BLACKBOARD ONLINE COURSE ISBN: 978-0-7817-5972-4) The most comprehensive medical terminology option in LWW's product line, this text includes detailed coverage of anatomy and physiology. Students are encouraged to use full medical terms in context from the beginning of each chapter, and gain a greater understanding by seeing, saying, writing and using the language. Designed to engage all learners (auditory, visual and kinesthetic). ALSO AVAILABLE: Instructor's Resource CD-ROM (978-0-7817-5971-7) Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 2 1 o f 3 3 Willis: Medical Terminology: The Language of Health Care, 2nd Edition (TEXT ISBN: 978-0-7817-4510-9) (TEXT & WEBCT HOSTED ONLINE COURSE ISBN: 0-7817-6255-8) (TEXT & BLACKBOARD ONLINE COURSE ISBN: 978-0-7817-5986-1) A medical terminology text that teaches applied terminology, showing exactly how medical terms are used in clinical settings. Covers basic communication between health care professions and how to read physician’s orders and prescriptions. ALSO AVAILABLE: Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM (978-0-7817-6213-7) Willis: Medical Terminology: A Programmed Learning Approach to the Language of Health Care 2nd Edition (TEXT ISBN: 978-0-7817-9283-7) (TEXT & ONLINE COURSE ISBN: 978-0-7817-7109-2) This medical terminology text uses a Programmed Learning approach that is ideal for classroom use, self-paced study, or distance learning. It is broken down into concise selfinstruction frames followed by review frames for immediate feedback and reinforcement. Actual medical records and medical record analysis activities are used extensively throughout the book. Highlights of this edition include a more engaging design, additional illustrations, more detailed coverage of term components, chapter objectives checklists, and acronyms and abbreviations charts. A free bound-in CD-ROM contains Stedman's audio pronunciations and interactive exercises. LiveAdvise: Medical Terminology—an online student tutoring and faculty support service—is free with the book. A fully customizable online course created specifically for this text is available as an additional purchase. Visit: http://thepoint.lww.com/willisprogrammed2e for more information about the book and Instructor Ancillaries. Medical Terminology Made Incredibly Easy! 2nd Edition (ISBN: 978-1-58255-300-9) Covers key concepts of medical terminology, including common prefixes, suffixes, and root words used in medical terms. Terms are divided by body system, and a handy miniguide identifies important anatomic terms in detailed, full-color illustrations. Contains awardwinning features such as abundant illustrations and charts, memory joggers, eye-catching icons, and crossword puzzles and word scrambles to test comprehension. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 2 2 o f 3 3 Anatomy &Physiology and Pharmacokinetics Cohen: Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease, 10th Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-4232-0 [SOFTCOVER]; 978-0-7817-5171-1 [HARDCOVER]) This widely read classic is an excellent primer on normal anatomy and physiology, as well as an introduction to the human disease process. The well-organized text is presented in a manner that is easily digested and retained. Information covers normal and abnormal anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology, basic microbiology, and chemistry. Book includes bonus CD for students featuring an Interactive Human Anatomy Atlas and an audio pronunciation glossary. ALSO AVAILABLE: Student Study Guide, Instructor’s Manual, Instructor’s Resource CD, test generator, transparencies; Smarthinking TM online tutoring and course assistance free to every student and instructor. Visit: http://connection.lww.com/memmler for more information. Cohen & Taylor: Memmler’s Structure and Function of the Human Body, 8th Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-4233-7 [SOFTCOVER]; 978-0-7817-5184-1 [HARDCOVER]) Based on Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease, this text focuses on anatomy and physiology without the content on disease. It is an excellent primer on normal anatomy and physiology, basic microbiology, and chemistry. Book includes bonus CD for students featuring an Interactive Human Anatomy Atlas and an audio pronunciation glossary. ALSO AVAILABLE: Student Study Guide, Instructor’s Manual, Instructor’s Resource CD, test generator, transparencies; Smarthinking TM online tutoring and course assistance free to every student and instructor. Visit: http://connection.lww.com/memmler for more information. Anatomy and Physiology Made Incredibly Easy!— 2nd Edition (ISBN: 978-1-58255-301-6) Delivers the latest information on anatomy and physiology in an easy-to-understand, enjoyable style. Provides memory joggers and quick quizzes that aid recall and help gauge progress. Clinical Pharmacology Made Incredibly Easy!—2nd Edition (ISBN: 978-1-58255-293-4) Content covers the fundamentals of clinical pharmacology; autonomic nervous system drugs; cardiovascular drugs; respiratory, gastrointestinal and anti-infective diseases, etc. Includes coverage of key drug therapy controversies. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 2 3 o f 3 3 Pharmaceutical Mathematics/Calculations Ansel & Price: Pharmaceutical Calculations: The Pharmacist’s Handbook (ISBN: 978-0-7817-3922-1) Concise reference and resource of the fundamental principles and basic techniques of pharmaceutical calculations. Covers community, hospital and industrial settings. Lacher: Pharmaceutical Calculations for the Pharmacy Technician (ISBN:978-0-7817-6310-3) Intended for use in an introductory pharmacy technician calculations course, this unique book addresses not only calculations that technicians will encounter in retail, but also those necessary for compounding, IV, industry and areas where a pharmacy technician might be called upon more frequently because of the shortage of pharmacy professionals. This text utilizes a casual, reader-friendly writing style and an easy-to-understand ratio-proportion method of problem solving. The latest addition to the new LWW Pharmacy Technician Education Series, this comprehensive text allows student to quickly master calculations form the most basic to the most complex. Roach: Pharmacology for Health Professionals (ISBN:978-0-7817-6633-3) This brand new resource is perfect for introductory pharmacology courses. The full-color text provides the basic principles of pharmacology, and the actions, indications, contradictions and adverse effects of drug classes. Pharmacology I, II, III Howland/Mycek/Harvey/Champe: Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology- 3rd Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-4118-7) Clarifies essential need to know information on Pharmacology. Includes a comprehensive inset on new drug information. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 2 4 o f 3 3 Drug Facts and Comparisons 2007, 61th Edition (ISBN: 978-1-57439-256-2) Contains up-to-date, comprehensive information on over 22,000 drugs and 6,000 OTC items grouped by therapeutic category. Medical Pocket Reference: Drugs (ISBN: 978-1-58255-714-4) Features about 500 of the most commonly prescribed generic drugs in alphabetical order. Includes appendices of dangerous drug interactions and dialyzable drugs. Johannsen & Sabtine: Pharmcards Review Cards for Medical Students – 3rd Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-6608-1) Cards are organized by mechanism, and feature a template format that conveys information needed for learning and retaining pharmacology concepts. Pharmaceutical Law/Ethics Thompson: A Practical Guide to Contemporary Pharmacy Practice – 2nd Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-4177-4) A source of basic information on standards of practice. Includes a CD-ROM with interactive self-assessment questions and demonstrations of compounding procedures. The University of Sciences in Philadelphia (USIP): Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy – 21st Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-4673-1) A definitive reference for over 100 years on all aspects of the science and practice of pharmacy. The text covers the history of pharmacy, ethics and pharmacy education and practice.) Computers Automation and Technology Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 2 5 o f 3 3 Thompson: A Practical Guide to Contemporary Pharmacy Practice – 2nd Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-4177-4) A source of basic information on standards of practice. Includes a CD-ROM with interactive self-assessment questions and demonstrations of compounding procedures. The University of Sciences in Philadelphia (USIP): Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy – 21st Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-4673-1) A definitive reference for over 100 years on all aspects of the science and practice of pharmacy. The text covers the history of pharmacy, ethics and pharmacy education and practice.) Externship/Practical Experience (Acute Care, Home Care. Ambulatory and Community) Mohr: Lab Experiences for the Pharmacy Technician (ISBN: 978-0-7817-5665-5) An ideal laboratory manual for students, this new text covers the valuable skills a pharmacy technician needs to assist the pharmacist in dispensing retail prescriptions, preparing patient medication orders and extemporaneous compounds, and performing I.V. admixtures using proper aseptic techniques. Boh/Young: Pharmacy Practice Manual: A Guide to the Clinical Experience 2nd Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-2541-5) Quick reference for clinical work. Includes two appendices for medical abbreviations/terms and information on dugs and equipment. The University of Sciences in Philadelphia (USIP): Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy – 21st Edition (ISBN: 978-0-7817-4673-1) A definitive reference for over 100 years on all aspects of the science and practice of pharmacy. The text covers the history of pharmacy, ethics and pharmacy education and practice.) Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 2 6 o f 3 3 Appendix B: Glossary of Terms AAPT American Association of Pharmacy Technicians ABHES Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools ACIC Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools ASHP American Society of Health-System Pharmacists CCP Council on Credentialing in Pharmacy COE Council on Occupational Education CAAHEP Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs CPhT Certified Pharmacy Technician NPTA National Pharmacy Technician Association Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 2 7 o f 3 3 PTCB Pharmacy Technician Certification Board Certification A process of verifying a person as having been tested and met certain requirements Pharmacy Aide Assists the Pharmacy Technician in the Pharmacy - mainly responsible for clerical and cashier duties. Institutional Accreditation Recognition of an institution (as a whole rather than individual programs) that has gone through a process of evaluation and met certain criteria established by a private organization, association or government agency. Programmatic (Specialized) Accreditation Recognition of individual programs that have gone through a process of evaluation and met certain established criteria by a private association, organization or government agency. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 2 8 o f 3 3 Appendix C: Pharmacy Technician Technical Knowledge Statements for Three Functional Areas of Pharmacy Technician Certification Examination2 The knowledge base required to perform activities associated with each function of the pharmacy technician are: I. Assisting the Pharmacist in Serving Patients 1. Knowledge of federal, state, and/or practice site regulations, codes of ethics, and standards pertaining to the practice of pharmacy 2. Knowledge of pharmaceutical, medical, and legal developments which impact on the practice of pharmacy 3. Knowledge of state-specific prescription transfer regulations 4. Knowledge of pharmaceutical and medical abbreviations and terminology 5. Knowledge of generic and brand names of pharmaceuticals 6. Knowledge of therapeutic equivalence 7. Knowledge of epidemiology 8. Knowledge of risk factors for disease 9. Knowledge of anatomy and physiology 10. Knowledge of signs and symptoms of disease states 11. Knowledge of standard and abnormal laboratory values 12. Knowledge of drug interactions (such as drug-disease, drug-drug, drug-laboratory, drugnutrient) 13. Knowledge of strengths/dose, dosage forms, physical appearance, routes of administration, and duration of drug therapy 14. Knowledge of effects of patient’s age (for example, neonates, geriatrics) on drug and nondrug therapy 15. Knowledge of drug information sources including printed and electronic reference materials 16. Knowledge of pharmacology (for example, mechanism of action) 17. Knowledge of common and severe side or adverse effects, allergies, and therapeutic contraindications associated with medications 18. Knowledge of drug indications 19. Knowledge of relative role of drug and non-drug therapy (for example, herbal remedies, lifestyle modification, smoking cessation) 2 Source: Pharmacy Technician Certification Board Exam content. Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 2 9 o f 3 3 20. Knowledge of practice site policies and procedures regarding prescriptions or medication orders 21. Knowledge of information to be obtained from patient/patient’s representative (for example, demographic information, allergy, third-party information) 22. Knowledge of required prescription order refill information 23. Knowledge of formula to verify the validity of a prescriber’s DEA number 24. Knowledge of techniques for detecting forged or altered prescriptions 25. Knowledge of techniques for detecting prescription errors (for example, abnormal doses, early refill, incorrect quantity, incorrect patient ID #, incorrect drug) 26. Knowledge of effects of patient’s disabilities (for example, visual, physical) on drug and non-drug therapy 27. Knowledge of techniques, equipment, and supplies for drug administration (for example, insulin syringes and IV tubing) 28. Knowledge of non-prescription (over-the-counter [OTC]) formulations 29. Knowledge of monitoring and screening equipment (for example, blood pressure cuffs, glucose monitors) 30. Knowledge of medical and surgical appliances and devices (for example, ostomies, orthopedic devices, pumps) 31. Knowledge of proper storage conditions 32. Knowledge of automated dispensing technology 33. Knowledge of packaging requirements 34. Knowledge of NDC number components 35. Knowledge of purpose for lot numbers and expiration dates 36. Knowledge of information for prescription or medication order label(s) 37. Knowledge of requirements regarding auxiliary labels 38. Knowledge of requirements regarding patient package inserts 39. Knowledge of special directions and precautions for patient/patient’s representative regarding preparation and use of medications 40. Knowledge of techniques for assessing patient’s compliance with prescription or medication order 41. Knowledge of action to be taken in the event of a missed dose 42. Knowledge of requirements for mailing medications 43. Knowledge of delivery systems for distributing medications (for example, pneumatic tube, robotics) 44. Knowledge of requirements for dispensing controlled substances 45. Knowledge of requirements for dispensing investigational drugs 46. Knowledge of record-keeping requirements for medication dispensing 47. Knowledge of automatic stop orders 48. Knowledge of restricted medication orders 49. Knowledge of quality improvement methods (for example, matching NDC number, double-counting narcotics) 50. Knowledge of pharmacy calculations (for example, algebra, ratio and proportions, metric conversions, IV drip rates, IV admixture calculations) 51. Knowledge of measurement systems (for example, metric and avoirdupois) 52. Knowledge of drug stability Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 3 0 o f 3 3 53. Knowledge of physical and chemical incompatibilities 54. Knowledge of equipment calibration techniques 55. Knowledge of procedures to prepare IV admixtures 56. Knowledge of procedures to prepare chemotherapy 57. Knowledge of procedures to prepare total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions 58. Knowledge of procedures to prepare reconstituted injectable and non-injectable medications 59. Knowledge of specialized procedures to prepare injectable medications (for example, epidurals and patient controlled analgesic [PCA] cassettes) 60. Knowledge of procedures to prepare radiopharmaceuticals 61. Knowledge of procedures to prepare oral dosage forms (for example, tablets, capsules, liquids) in unit-dose or non–unit-dose packaging 62. Knowledge of procedures to compound sterile non-injectable products (for example, eyedrops) 63. Knowledge of procedures to compound non-sterile products (for example, ointments, mixtures, liquids, emulsions) 64. Knowledge of procedures to prepare ready-to-dispense multidose packages (for example, ophthalmics, otics, inhalers, topicals, transdermals) 65. Knowledge of aseptic techniques (for example, laminar flow hood, filters) 66. Knowledge of infection control procedures 67. Knowledge of requirements for handling hazardous products and disposing of hazardous waste 68. Knowledge of documentation requirements for controlled substances, investigational drugs, and hazardous wastes 69. Knowledge of pharmacy-related computer software for documenting the dispensing of prescriptions or medication orders 70. Knowledge of manual systems for documenting the dispensing of prescriptions or medication orders 71. Knowledge of customer service principles 72. Knowledge of communication techniques 73. Knowledge of confidentiality requirements 74. Knowledge of cash handling procedures 75. Knowledge of reimbursement policies and plans 76. Knowledge of legal requirements for pharmacist counseling of patient/patient’s representative II. Maintaining Medication and Inventory Control Systems 1. Knowledge of drug product laws and regulations and professional standards related to obtaining medication supplies, durable medical equipment, and products (for example, Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act; Controlled Substances Act; Prescription Drug Marketing Act; USP-NF; NRC standards) 2. Knowledge of pharmaceutical industry procedures for obtaining pharmaceuticals 3. Knowledge of purchasing policies, procedures, and practices 4. Knowledge of dosage forms Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 3 1 o f 3 3 5. Knowledge of formulary or approved stock list 6. Knowledge of par and reorder levels and drug usage 7. Knowledge of inventory receiving process 8. Knowledge of bioavailability standards (for example, generic substitutes) 9. Knowledge of the use of DEA controlled substance ordering forms 10. Knowledge of regulatory requirements regarding record-keeping for repackaged products, recalled products, and refunded products 11. Knowledge of policies, procedures, and practices for inventory systems 12. Knowledge of products used in packaging and repackaging (for example, child-resistant caps and light-protective unit-dose packaging) 13. Knowledge of risk management opportunities (for example, dress code, personal protective equipment [PPE], needle recapping) 14. Knowledge of the FDA’s classifications of recalls 15. Knowledge of systems to identify and return expired and unsalable products 16. Knowledge of rules and regulations for the removal and disposal of products 17. Knowledge of legal and regulatory requirements and professional standards governing operations of pharmacies (for example, prepackaging, difference between compounding and manufacturing) 18. Knowledge of legal and regulatory requirements and professional standards (for example, FDA, DEA, state board of pharmacy, JCAHO) for preparing, labeling, dispensing, distributing, and administering medications 19. Knowledge of medication distribution and control systems requirements for the use of medications in various practice settings (for example, automated dispensing systems, bar coding, nursing stations, crash carts) 20. Knowledge of preparation, storage requirements, and documentation for medications compounded in anticipation of prescriptions or medication orders 21. Knowledge of repackaging, storage requirements, and documentation for finished dosage forms prepared in anticipation of prescriptions or medication orders 22. Knowledge of policies, procedures, and practices regarding storage and handling of hazardous materials and wastes (for example, Materials Safety Data Sheet [MSDS]) 23. Knowledge of medication distribution and control systems requirements for controlled substances, investigational drugs, and hazardous materials and wastes 24. Knowledge of the written, oral, and electronic communication channels necessary to ensure appropriate follow-up and problem resolution (for example, product recalls, supplier shorts) 25. Knowledge of quality assurance policies, procedures, and practices for medication and inventory control systems III. Participating in the Administration and Management of Pharmacy Practice 1. Knowledge of the practice setting’s mission, goals and objectives, organizational structure, and policies and procedures 2. Knowledge of lines of communication throughout the organization Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 3 2 o f 3 3 3. Knowledge of principles of resource allocation (for example, scheduling, cross training, work flow) 4. Knowledge of productivity, efficiency, and customer satisfaction measures 5. Knowledge of written, oral, and electronic communication systems 6. Knowledge of required operational licenses and certificates 7. Knowledge of roles and responsibilities of pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and other pharmacy employees 8. Knowledge of legal and regulatory requirements for personnel, facilities, equipment, and supplies (for example, space requirements, prescription file storage, cleanliness, reference materials, storage of radiopharmaceuticals) 9. Knowledge of professional standards (for example, JCAHO) for personnel, facilities, equipment, and supplies 10. Knowledge of quality improvement standards and guidelines 11. Knowledge of state board of pharmacy regulations 12. Knowledge of storage requirements and expiration dates for equipment and supplies (for example, first-aid items, fire extinguishers) 13. Knowledge of storage and handling requirements for hazardous substances (for example, chemotherapeutics, radiopharmaceuticals) 14. Knowledge of hazardous waste disposal requirements 15. Knowledge of procedures for the treatment of exposure to hazardous substances (for example, eyewash) 16. Knowledge of security systems for the protection of employees, customers, and property 17. Knowledge of laminar flow hood maintenance requirements 18. Knowledge of infection control policies and procedures 19. Knowledge of sanitation requirements (for example, handwashing, cleaning counting trays, countertop, and equipment) 20. Knowledge of equipment calibration and maintenance procedures 21. Knowledge of supply procurement procedures 22. Knowledge of technology used in the preparation, delivery, and administration of medications (for example, robotics, Baker cells, automated TPN equipment, Pyxis, infusion pumps) 23. Knowledge of purpose and function of pharmacy equipment 24. Knowledge of documentation requirements for routine sanitation, maintenance, and equipment calibration 25. Knowledge of the Americans with Disabilities Act requirements (for example, physical accessibility) Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins P age 3 3 o f 3 3 26. Knowledge of manual and computer-based systems for storing, retrieving, and using pharmacy-related pharmacy information (for example, drug interactions, patient profiles, generating labels) 27. Knowledge of security procedures related to data integrity, security, and confidentiality 28. Knowledge of downtime emergency policies and procedures 29. Knowledge of backup and archiving procedures for stored data and documentation 30. Knowledge of legal requirements regarding archiving 31. Knowledge of third-party reimbursement systems 32. Knowledge of healthcare reimbursement systems (for example, home health, respiratory medications, eligibility and reimbursement) 33. Knowledge of billing and accounting policies and procedures 34. Knowledge of information sources used to obtain data in a quality improvement system (for example, the patient’s chart, patient profile, computerized information systems, medication administration record) 35. Knowledge of procedures to document occurrences such as medication errors, adverse effects, and product integrity (for example, FDA Med Watch Program) 36. Knowledge of staff training techniques 37. Knowledge of employee performance evaluation techniques 38. Knowledge of employee performance feedback techniques Copyright © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins