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Unit 5 Reading Guide
States of Consciousness
Module 22: Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis (pg. 217-224)
1. Consciousness:
2. List 5 examples of different states of mind. (hint: see chart on pg. 219)
3. Hypnosis:
4. Feel free to read this section on hypnosis, but nothing to write down 
Module 23: Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories (pg. 225-233)
1. What machine do they use to study sleep?
2. Circadian Rhythm:
3. What 2 things can change our circadian rhythm?
4. How long does a full sleep cycle last?
5. How many stages of sleep do you go through during that cycle?
6. REM Sleep:
7. Awake: Alpha Waves:
8. Sleep:
9. Explain what happens in each stage of sleep:
a. Stage 1 (NREM-1):
b. Hallucinations:
c. Stage 2 (NREM-2):
d. Sleep Spindles:
e. Stages 3 (NREM-3) and 4:
f. Delta Waves:
g. REM Sleep characteristics:
10. How long does a sleep cycle last again?
11. What happens to NREM-3 sleep as the night goes on?
12. How much of an average night’s sleep do we spend in REM?
13. How much do newborns sleep per night?
14. How much do most adults sleep per night?
15. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN):
16. List the 5 reasons that sleep may have evolved:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Module 24: Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Dreams (pg. 234-245)
1. What are some of the effects of getting too little sleep? Be sure to have at least 3.
2. Do you think sleep deprivation has had any effect on you? Explain an example of it in your own life or
the life of someone you know.
A. Sleep Disorders
1. Insomnia:
a. What makes insomnia worse?
b. What are the quick fixes for insomnia? Do they work?
2. Narcolepsy:
a. What is the cause of narcolepsy?
3. Sleep Apnea:
a. What are the causes/warning signs of sleep apnea?
4. Night Terrors:
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a. Who do night terrors usually affect?
b. During what stage of sleep do night terrors happen?
5. During what stage of sleep does sleepwalking happen?
B. Dreams
1. Tell me about your dreams! Do you remember your dreams every night? Do you have any common
dreams? If so, what are they about? Etc…..
2. Dream:
3. What is the difference between daydreams and REM dreams?
4. What can happen to sensory stimuli that occur while you are sleeping?
5. Before reading this section on dreams, predict: why do you think people dream?
Why do we dream?!?
A. To satisfy our own wishes
1) Who is responsible for this theory?
2) What are dreams’ purpose according to Freud?
3) Manifest content:
4) Latent content:
5) What do most psychologists believe today about Freud’s dream theories?
B. To file away memories
C. Information-processing perspective:
D. To develop and preserve neural pathways
E. To make sense of neural static
F. To reflect cognitive development
6. What happens if you deprive yourself of REM sleep for many days in a row? (called REM rebound)
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Module 25: Psychoactive Drugs (everyone’s fav! ) (pg. 246-258)
1. Substance Use Disorder:
2. Looking at the table on pg. 247, what four symptoms must you meet to be diagnosed with a substance
use disorder?
3. Psychoactive Drugs:
4. A drug’s overall effect depends on what two things?
5. Tolerance:
6. Addiction:
7. Withdrawal:
A. Types of Psychoactive Drugs—the chart on pg. 256 is a helpful review to study from!
1. Depressants:
a) Alcohol:
i) Is alcohol a stimulant in small doses?
ii) What does it mean that alcohol is a disinhibitor?
iii) Why, biologically, does alcohol relax the drinker?
iv) What effect does alcohol have on memory?
v) Alcohol Use Disorder (Alcoholism):
vi) How does Alcohol effect your self-control?
vii) What effect does expectancy have on drinking?
b) Barbiturates (tranquilizers):
i) What are barbiturates commonly used for?
ii) What is the effect of large doses?
c) Opiates:
i) Examples of opiates:
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ii) What is the long term price of opiates?
iii) When you take an opiate, what does your brain stop producing?
iv) Remember from the Brain chapter—what is that used for?
2. Stimulants:
a) Amphetamines:
i) What do people use stimulants for?
b) Nicotine:
c) Cocaine:
i) What neurotransmitters are effected by cocaine?
d) Methamphetamine:
i) What neurotransmitters does meth trigger?
e) Ecstasy (MDMA):
i) What does Ecstasy physically do to your brain?
3. Hallucinogens (psychedelics):
a) LSD:
b) Marijuana (THC):
i) What are the nicknames for synthetic marijuana? (Very dangerous= DON’T EVER DO!)
ii) What are some of the effects of Marijuana?
iii) What diseases is medical marijuana used for?
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