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THIS NOTES BELONG TO: SEC 4 GEOGRAPHY _____________________________ A GEOGRAPHER DEVELOPMENT (SET 2) Objective: To explain why uneven development exists between developed countries and less developed countries ___________________________________________________________________ Reasons Explanation Colonialism Historical What is colonialism? The domination of a more powerful country over another country The dominated country is the colony The more powerful country is the colonial power Reasons for colonialism a. for raw materials Colonial powers wanting to obtain raw materials which could not be found or grown in their own countries. For example, Portuguese colonized Angola in the 15th century and set up plantations to exploit the physical conditions and the availability of labour there. This is because Angola’s climate and soil conditions were suitable for growing cash crops like cotton, coffee and cocoa. The Portuguese knew that this would fetch a high price. b. for trade routes Another reason was to gain control of important trade routes. Thus, many colonies were also colonised for their strategic location. For example, Singapore was colonised for its strategic location in the Straits of Malacca Why did the colonial power become richer? The colonial powers added value to these raw materials by converting them into useful products, which were sold at profit. (they had factories to process and manufacture products) An example is that cotton could be processed into clothing and can be sold at a higher price. Thus, colonial powers become richer from the sale of these products, allowing them to expand and develop their economies even further. Why did the colonies remain poor? Former colonial powers had a head start to boost their development and economic growth leaving the former colonies far behind. This disparity (difference) in development continued to widen as 1 PREPARED BY: MISS SUHAILA MOHAMED NOOR SEC 4 GEOGRAPHY colonial powers continued to develop their technology and industrialise further. But countries which were former colonies continued to export low value raw materials from which they gained little profit, so they remain poor and less developed. BUT some former colonies are well developed. S’pore managed to develop well after the British left. This is because the British had built infrastructure for S’pore’s port and trade activities. After independence, trading activities continued to help earn wealth. Presence of raw materials Physical The presence of raw materials can aid development. E.g. Norway, one of the most developed countries well-endowed with (have many) natural resources. Money earned from selling raw materials is spent on developing the whole country. For e.g. improve infrastructure, housing, water treatment However, the presence of raw materials is not a guarantee that the country will develop. E.g. Nigeria. It is the largest oil producer in Africa sell their oil to other countries. over 20% of Nigeria’s GDP and nearly 95% of its foreign earnings is from oil But they use the money to develop the urban areas instead of rural areas. their environment is also damaged due to the fast rate of extracting raw materials. Quality of life is worsened by pollution So oil earnings have not benefited the whole population, and the majority remain poor. There are some countries with no or little raw materials, but are well developed e.g. Japan and S’pore. S’pore’s development: No raw materials but used its strategic location and manufacturing to develop. Pre-independence: trading centre 1960s – 1980s: trading centre tourist attraction and develop secondary industry (attract MNCs to set up factories to provide jobs) 1990s and beyond: trading and manufacturing develop S’pore as tourist, health, education & financial hub regionalisation (encourage S’porean businessman to invest 2 PREPARED BY: MISS SUHAILA MOHAMED NOOR SEC 4 GEOGRAPHY overseas, especially in the regional countries like China and India. Climate Most DCs in what Climate? Top 10 DCs are in Europe (Except for Australia, Canada and USA) Located in temperate climate zone between latitudes 23.5 N and 66.5 N of the Equator Has favourable climate for growing important crops Able to grow crops on a large scale Most LDCs in what Climate? 10 LDCs at the bottom of the list are in Africa. Located in tropical climate zone, Tropical grassland regions Between 23.5º N and S of the Equator. Experience high temperatures and low seasonal rainfall How does climate favour development Climate refers to the atmospheric conditions a at specific location over a period of 30-35 years It an important factor affecting the types of crops that can be grown there Temperature and climate favours development to a certain extent E.G. the climate in Canada and America is suitable for growing crops likes oat and wheat, these crops are used in making a lot of our daily needs like bread and noodles. • When people are able to grow large amount of these crops they can sell it in their own countries or even export it. This would mean more income which would be added to the GDP/GNP per capita which is one of the economic indicator which measures development. How can technology overcome climate problems With advancements in technology, many climate limitations can be overcome. It is possible to control the physical conditions with the use of greenhouses and nurseries where crops are grown with the help of modern technology the sunlight the crops receive , the temperature of the surroundings and as well as the amount of water the plants need in order to grow well can be controlled. Case study: Netherlands To prevent flooding, the government implemented a series of flood prevention measures e.g. the zuider zee project. It involved the reclaiming of lands from the sea from an island called Zuider Zee. The lands reclaimed is known as polders, there are in total 4 polders reclaimed with a total area of 166000 hectare 3 PREPARED BY: MISS SUHAILA MOHAMED NOOR SEC 4 GEOGRAPHY Thus Netherlands has successfully overcome a natural climate hazard and thus improve the lives of its people. But only DCs can afford technology to overcome climate limitations. Natural disasters and climate hazards Case-study: China: affected by floods annually caused by monsoon rain or by cyclones In 2005 , 1000 killed, and thousands made homeless millions of dollars worth of damage caused to infrastructure in rural areas, crops and livestock destroyed. the already poor people need to rebuilt their homes, and thus continue have a low standard of living Case-study: Ethiopia; High temperatures and low rainfall cause frequent droughts. Insufficient rainfall reduce crop output Hence its development is slowed down due to unfavourable climate. Cumulative Causation Economic The DCs grow rapidly due to cumulative causation, while most LDCs can’t develop fast due to backwash effect Core refers to more developed countries/ regions, and periphery refers to the less developed countries/ regions The process of how the movement of people and resources from the periphery area increases the wealth of the core area is known as cumulative causation The flow of labour and raw materials from the periphery is a disadvantage to the periphery and is known as a backwash effect. Cumulative causation The wealth of the core area increases due to the movement of people and resources from the periphery area. The core area has more job opportunities. Therefore, the people from the periphery area come to core area in search of jobs. Thus, there will be more people in the core area. With more people in the core area, there will be an increase in the demand of goods and services. Thus, leading to the expansion of new businesses and the economy. Backwash effect. Investment and labor will be attracted to the better potential areas which are prone to develop.The better potential areas are called core. In order for the core to develop, it drains labour and raw materials from the periphery, causing 4 PREPARED BY: MISS SUHAILA MOHAMED NOOR SEC 4 GEOGRAPHY disadvantage to the periphery. Thus, this is known as the backwash effect. Spread effects The flow of labour and raw materials from the core to the periphery is known as spread effects They is an increasing trend now for investments moving to LDCs to take advantage of lower production cost, labour cost or availability of raw materials. This aids in the development of the LDCs. Case study: Car manufacturing in Thailand By moving the manufacturing companies to Thailand, Japan can reduce the cost of manufacturing. As the cost of manufacturing in Japan is rising, Japan companies decided to invest in setting up the factories in Thailand. Thus, Thaïs were employed in these factories to gain knowledge and skills in automobile manufacturing from the Japanese counterpart. Thailand’s companies grew due to the investment in Japanese automobile companies. On the other hand, the Japanese car manufacturers benefited from the cheaper labour costs of employing Thai workers compared to Japanese workers in their own country. Education Social Literacy Rate: refers to the percentage of adults (above 15 years old) in a country who can read and write. When the literacy rate is low, the people working in the tertiary sector will be less and this will lead to lower generated income. Thus the country will have a lower GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Developed Countries like Italy, USA, Switzerland have higher literacy rates than Less Developed Countries WHY? The government in DCs have enough revenue to provide build schools, train teachers and subsidise education for their citizens. Why do LDCs have low literacy rates? Governments lacks money to provide enough education to children in the country the government concentrates more on the core region or the capital of the country, providing more education facilities in urban areas. the government doesn’t concentrate on the periphery as the population is mostly working in the primary sector such as mining and farming, where education is not necessary. 5 PREPARED BY: MISS SUHAILA MOHAMED NOOR SEC 4 GEOGRAPHY Population Growth Rate Population Growth Rate = Birth Rate - Death Rate + Net Migration Countries with High Population (Birth Rate > Death Rate) In such countries (LDC), the people will face problems such as o Insufficient food o Insufficient housing o High illiteracy o Low employment opportunities Thus, the country’s standard of living and the quality of life is affected.(eg Ethiopia, Nigeria) Countries with Low Population (Birth Rate < Death Rate) In such countries (DC) , people have few children. (birth rates are low) due to: inability and unwillingness to get hitched or even give birth. people put the career ahead of starting a family it is expensive to raise children, so people have fewer children In general, countries with a low population growth rate (eg Japan, Norway) develop faster than countries with a high population growth rate. Political Conflict Political Political conflict refers to the state of disagreement that may result in violence and bloodshed How does political conflict cause harm to people? The conflict cause people to be forced out of the major cities and towns to live in the countryside. As the people flee out of the country, businesses are closed. Many people are killed. Those who are still alive suffer. They are left with little possession to start their live all over again. Wars cause tourists to avoid the country How does political conflict affect investors? The lack of political stability prevent investors from setting up business in the country They are afraid that the business in the country will be affected and disrupted anytime 6 PREPARED BY: MISS SUHAILA MOHAMED NOOR SEC 4 GEOGRAPHY Case studies Sierra Leone Switzerland Political conflict and social instability Long history of political stability and peace Civil war since 1990s Many overseas investors have confidence setting up business Poorest and LDC in the world (ranked 2nd from the bottom in HDI list) Most DC in the world (GDP:US$30,552) Lowest literacy rate (little money to spend on education) Education is made compulsory till 16 years old (HDI value: 0.298) Mostly in primary sector Little need for people to go to school. Mostly in secondary and tertiary sectors Political conflicts affect a country We must always try our best to maintain stability in our country. Singapore Politically stable country with one party (PAP) rule since independence No riots, strikes, etc to disrupt the country.. We have good relationship with our neighbours, so no threat of war. Businessmen and tourists have strong confidence in S’pore and continue to invest and visit S’pore. Leadership Leadership is a process of setting directions, motivating people into action and working towards a common goal. Characteristics of governments with good leadership The country must be progressing well in their economic, health and education sectors. The government must be made up of capable people, who are efficient and development oriented. Lastly, they must also be able to meet the needs and aspirations of their people. 7 PREPARED BY: MISS SUHAILA MOHAMED NOOR SEC 4 GEOGRAPHY Case study: Norway has a stable and forward-looking government. cares about its citizen and its economic development. Petroleum is a major source of income for Norway because the Norwegian government feels that both the petroleum companies and the citizens would be able to benefit from it. The government also ensures that the wealth generated from Norway's petroleum industry is shared among its citizens. This shows that the government has played a significant role in helping Norway achieve a high level of development. Case Study: Philippines LDCs: many have corrupt governments. E.g. people in Philippines have asked their president to resign as there are allegations of corruption. Last Philippine president was charged for corruption too. Philippines’ development remains slow. Singapore We have strong leadership. Leaders are honest, capable and forward thinking. They plan for the future and have the welfare of the people at heart. Hence to continue to grow economically and improve our quality of life. 8 PREPARED BY: MISS SUHAILA MOHAMED NOOR