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Living Things
Lesson No. 1
Human Digestive System
A living organism body consists of a set of systems
Each system performs a certain function.
System
Function
1- Digestive system
Digests and absorbs food.
2- Respiratory system
Carries out the process of respiration
Distributes the digested food and
3- Circulatory system
oxygen all over the body cells.
4- Urinary system
Helps the body to get rid of harmful
substances.
5- Nervous system
Lets us have the ability to feel, hear,
see, smell and taste.
6- Reproductive system
Makes
us
give
birth
individuals who look like us.
2
for
new
1- Human Digestive System
Digestion : It’s the process of changing food from a complex form into a simple
one to let the body get benefited.
Digestive System
Digestive Canal
Digestive Canal
Supplementaries
1- Mouth
1- salivary glands
2- Pharynx
2- liver
3- Oesophagus
3- pancreas
4- Stomach
5- Small intestine
6- Large intestine
1- Mouth
Is a cavity contains
a- Teeth : number 32 [each jaw has 16].
4 incisors and 2 canines
10 molars
to cut and tear food into small pieces.
to grind the food
b- Tongue : (organ of taste) it mixes up the food with saliva.
c- Salivary glands : they are three pairs, they secrete saliva which contains
enzymes to digest starch into sugar.
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G.R.F
When a person chews a piece of bread, it tastes sweet.
Because saliva which is produced by the salivary glands in mouth changes
starch into sugar.
2- Pharynx
It is a common cavity leads to oesophagus and trachea.
3- Oesophagus
It is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.
4- Stomach
It is a muscular sac, it secretes the gastric juice which contain enzymes to digest
proteins partially.
5- Small intestine
It is a coiled tube seven meters in length.
It is located in the abdominal cavity.
It starts with the duodenum where bile juice and pancreatic juice are poured in.
The duodenum is followed by ileum.
Function of small intestine : Complete digestion and absorption of the food.
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6- Large intestine
It starts from the end of the small intestine ending in the anus.
Function : It stores the undigested food (wastes) till it is ejected out side the
body through the anus.
Digestive Canal Supplementaries
Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
3 pairs, located in the
It is located on the
It is located under the
mouth, secrete saliva to
right side of the
stomach it secretes
digest starch and change it
stomach, it secretes
pancreatic juice to help
into sugar
bile which digests
in food digestion
fats
Keeping the Digestive system healthy
1- Chew the food well.
2- Do not eat fatty meals to avoid fatness.
3- Do not eat food containing artificial additives to avoid allergy and food
poisoning.
4- Do not eat food from streets to avoid infectious diseases.
5- Do physical activity.
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Exercises
1- Choose the right answer :
1- Digested food is absorbed in the ………………………
(oesophagus – stomach – small intestine – large intestine)
2- Starches digestion starts by the ………………..
(gastric juice – intestinal juice – saliva – bile)
3- undigested food is assembled in the …………….
(stomach – small intestine – large intestine – duodenum)
4- The stomach belongs to ………… system.
(digestive – reproductive – urinary – nervous)
5- The change of complex food into simple one is called. …………
(absorption – digestion – excretion – respiration)
6- All of the following produce juice to help in the digestion process except
…………
(salivary glands – liver – pancreas – oesophagus)
7- Bile juice is secreted by ……………
(pancreas – stomach – oesophagus – liver)
8- One of the functions of the small intestine is ……….
(digesting food completely – digesting the food partially –
storing of the food – converting starch into sugar)
9- Pancreatic juice and bile are poured in the …………
(oesophagus – stomach – liver – small intestine)
10- The food is partially digested in the …………….
(small intestine – stomach – large intestine – liver)
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2- Complete the following statements :
1- The ………. Process is the changing the food from complex form into a
simple one to let the body get benefited.
2- The digestive system consists of two main parts which are ………. and
…………
3- Chemical substances that help in digestion of food are called ……….
4- The liver is located on the ……. Side of the stomach and it secretes …….
5- The food is chewed by the ………. In the mouth to break it into ….. pieces,
while …… secrete saliva.
6- The cavity that extend from the mouth to the oesophagues is called the
………..
7- The ……. mixes food with the secretion of the salivary lards.
8- The undigested food is called …….. so it is removed from the body through
the …………
9- Absorption of the food takes place in ……. .
10- Bile juice digests ………….
11- Liver produces …………
12- Food is partially digested in the …….., while it is completely digested in
the …………….
13- The stomach is a ……….. organ.
14- The aesophagus allows the food to pass from the …….. to the ……….
15- Do not eat fatty meals to avoid …………
16- Proteins are digested in ………. and ……………
17- ……………. and ……….. are examples of digestive juices in the human
body.
18- Small intestine is divided into ………. and ………….
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3- W.S.T.
1- A liquid secreted in the mouth and helps in starches digestion.
(………………………………….)
2- A juice is secreted by the liver and affects fats digestion.
(………………………………….)
3- An inverted (u) shaped tube at which the undigested food stored.
(………………………………….)
4- An organ in which food is digested partially.
(………………………………….)
5- A long coiled tube at which food is completely digested and absorbed.
(………………………………….)
6- Part of the small intestine where bile juice and pancreatic juice are poured
in.
(………………………………….)
7- A substance that is secreted by the liver to digest fats.
(………………………………….)
8- A chemical substance that helps in the digestion of food.
(………………………………….)
9- An organ which mixes the food with saliva.
(………………………………….)
10- A tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach.
(………………………………….)
4- Correct the under lined words.
1- Digestion of fats begins in the mouth.
2- Pancreas pours its secretion in the stomach.
(………………)
(……………..)
3- Esophagus is from the digestive canal supplementaries. (……………)
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4- Absorption of the digested food occurs in the pharynx. (………..……)
(………..……)
5- Gastric juice breaks down fats.
5- Put ( ) or (x)
1- Gastric juice digests fats
(
)
2- Saliva digests protein
(
)
3- Bile helps to digest fats.
(
)
4- The large intestine stores undigested food.
(
)
5- The pancreas belongs to the digestive canal
(
)
6- The tongue mixes food with saliva in the mouth.
(
)
7- Absorption of food takes place in the stomach
(
)
8- Digestion of food takes place before absorption
(
)
6- G.R.F.
1- We should chew food well.
………………………………………………………………………………..
2- Bile is very important.
………………………………………………………………………………..
3- When a person chews a piece of bread, it tastes sweet.
………………………………………………………………………………..
7- Look to the drawings and answer :
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Drawing No1
- Number of teeth in adult person is …………..
- Function of the incisors is …………………….
- Function of molars is ………………………..
Drawing No2
- What are the organ that produces a bile juice? ……………………
- Protein digestion starts in ………………………
- Fat digestion starts in ……………………..
Drawing No3
- The function of the large intestine is …………………….
8- Label the diagram
1- ………………………….
7- …………………………..
2- ………………………….
8- ………………………….
3- …………………………
9- …………………………..
4- …………………………
10- …………………………
5- …………………………
6- ……………………
This drawing represent ……………………………
9- What happens in each of the following cases :
1- Removal of small intestine from a human body.
…………………………………………………………………………….
2- Salivary glands stop secreting saliva.
…………………………………………………………………………….
3- Eat plenty of fatty meals.
…………………………………………………………………………….
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Lesson No. 2
The Human Respiratory System
Respiration :
It is the process in which the air rich in oxygen enters into the two lungs and air
rich in carbon dioxide is released out side the two lungs.
Benefit of Respiration :
Man needs the process of respiration to get energy needed to do all the body
functions.
Structure of The Respiratory Systems
1- Nose :
 it contains hairs to filter the air from dust and microbes.
 It contains mucus.
 It contains blood capillaries to warm the entered air.
2- Pharynx :
 It is a common cavity leads to esophagus and trachea.
3- Trachea :
 It contains cilia to sweep the dirt out side.
 It also contains cartilaginous rings in its wall to keep it
open all of the time.
 Larynx is situated at the top of the trachea.
- Larynx is called (voice box) because it contains 2 vocal cords
which produce out voice.
- Al the top of the larynx there is the epiglottis which closes
during swallowing to prevent food to enter the trachea.
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 Trachea is ended by 2 branches which are called
bronchi which is divided into bronchioles inside the
lungs.
4- Lungs :
 They are located in the chest cavity.
 They contain many alveoli.
Which are surrounded by a net work of capillaries in which gases exchange
takes place.
 Diaphragm: It is a muscle that separates chest cavity from the
abdominal cavity.
Mechanism of respiration :
1- Inhalation process
The diaphragm muscles contract down ward and
thoracic cavity (chest cavity) enlarges and air rich
in oxygen enters the lungs.
2- Exhalation process
The diaphragm muscles relaxes upward and
Respiratory System
thoracic cavity (chest cavity) become narrow, air rich in carbon dioxide moves
out side the lungs.
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3- Exchange of gases
1- Exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli which is rich in oxygen and
blood in the blood capillaries which is rich in carbon
dioxide gas. Through their thin walls.
* Exhaled air contains carbon dioxide gas + water vapour.
N.B. The more active your body is the more your
respiration times increases.
Keeping the respiratory system healthy :
1- Avoid being in crowded places.
2- Eat fruits rich in vitamin (C) such as orange and guava to protect
your self from cold.
3- Avoid smoking and smokers.
4- Avoid severe cold.
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Exercises
1- Complete the following sentences :
1-
………. Muscle helps the mechanism of respiration.
2-
Exchange of gases occurs in alveoli between ………. and …………
3-
Air enters into lungs during the process of …….. and leaves there during
process of ………..
4-
Man needs the process of ……….. to get ……….. needed to do all body
functions.
5-
The exchange of gas takes place inside the human body through the
………. System.
6-
……… is the system that provides the human body with oxygen gas and
takes away Co2 gas and water vapour.
7-
The ………. Separates between the chest cavity and abdominal cavity.
8-
When the diaphragm muscle …………. It moves down wards and the
thoracic cavity …………….. .
9-
The volume of the thoracic cavity increase in the ………. Process and
decrease in the ………. Process.
10- ………… gas enters during inhalation process, while …….. gas moves out
side the lungs during exhalation process.
11- Each lung contains of ……….. that have thin walls and they are
surrounded with …………. Where ………. Takes place.
12- ………….. are found in the nose and warm up the inhalation air.
13- The nose contains ……….. to filter the inhaled air.
14- The ……… closes the larynx during ………..
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15-
Trachea has ………. To sweep out the dirt And ……….. to be
opened all of the time.
2- Choose the correct answer :
1- Air enters the lungs in the process of …………..
(inhalation – exhalation – excretion – digestion)
2- Air leaves the lungs during the ……………
(exhalation – inhalation – digestion – absorption)
3- The common path of food and air is the ……………
(nose – pharynx – diaphragm – larynx )
4- The …………. Is located inside the lungs, where gas exchange takes place.
(Alveoli – Bronchioles – trachea – nose)
5- The epiglottis ……………………
(keeps air out of the trachea – keeps food out of the trachea –
(Is the sound producing organ – makes enzymes)
6- The organ that is responsible for preventing food from entering the
respiratory system is the ………………
(trachea – alveoli – two bronchi – epiglottis)
7- The responsible organ for producing the human voice is the ………….
(trachea – nose – mouth – larynx)
8- The muscle that help in breathing is the …………….
(pharynx – larynx – diaphragm – rib cage)
9- Gas exchange during the process of respiration occurs in the …………….
(trachea – nose – mouth – alveoli)
10-
The ………… is the organ of the human respiratory system.
(heart – stomach – lungs – liver)
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3- W.S.T.
1- The organ that contains hairs to filter the air from the dust.
(………………………………….)
2- The voice organ in the human body.
(………………………………….)
3- The organ that prevent food from entering the trachea.
(………………………………….)
4- An elastic membrane that separate between the chest cavity and abdominal
cavity.
(………………………………….)
5- A gas which turns line water milky.
(………………………………….)
6- An organ where gas exchange takes place.
(………………………………….)
4- Put ( ) or (x)
1- Air enters lungs during inhalation process.
(
)
2- When diaphragm contracts it moves upwards.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
3- The increase and decrease of the thoracic cavity during
respiration is called mechanism of respiration
4- When the body’s activities increase it needs more oxygen,
so it needs more respiration
5- Alveoli have thick walls and surrounded by blood
capillaries
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5- G.R.F.
1- You should breath by the nose not the mouth.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
2- Food does not enter the trachea during swallowing.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
3- Presence of cilia and cartilagenous rings in the trachea.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
4- The walls of the alveoli and blood capillaries are thin.
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
6- What happens in each of the following cases
1- Removing the epiglottis from the human body.
………………………………………………………………………………..
2- There isn’t no any mucus or hair in the nose.
………………………………………………………………………………
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Lesson No. 3
The cell
The cell : is the building unit of the living organism body.
The cell : is the unit of structure and function in the living organism.
The cell performs the biological functions such as nutrition, respiration,
excretion and reproduction.
Living organism may be animals or plants.
Structure of the cell :
Cell parts
Animal
Plant
Nucleus


Cytoplasm


Plasma membrane


Cell wall
x

Chloroplasts
x

Sap vacuole
x

 Nucleus : dark oval body
Function : It has a big role
in cell division.
 Cytoplasm : fill the space
of the cell.
Function:
Biological
operations are acted by it.
 Plasma membrane : surrounds the cell.
Function : controls the substances entering into the cell or leaving it.
 Group of cells
tissue.
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 Group of tissues
organ
 Group of organs
systems
 Group of systems
human body
Some of the cell functions :
The cell carries out all the biological function
As
Such as : nutrition
plant cell.
in
Motion
some cells are surrounded by some cilia and flagella.
Sensation
Amoeba (unicellular organism)
Keeps away when touched by a needle.
Reproduction
cell divide into two symmetric cells.
Also respiration – growth – excretion.
Unicellular organisms :
They are not seen by the naked eye.
Examples : Bacteria and Yeast.
They can do all biological functions.
Yeast fungus (unicellular organism)
Economic importance of the
yeast fungus.
It is used in a lot of industries
such as :
1- Making bread.
2- Making alcohol
Structure of Yeast fungus
N.B.
Cells
tissues
Organs
Systems
Biological functions of the cells
Nutrition
Respiration
Growth
Reproduction
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Motion
Excretion Sensation
Exercises
1- Choose the correct answer :
1- Which of the following can be existed in a plant cell and can not existed in
an animal cell?
(Nucleus – chloroplast – cytoplasm – cell membrane)
2- The ………… is an example of unicellular living organisms.
(frog – snake – yeast fungus – a bean plant)
3- All the following are properties of living organisms except ……….
(motion – sensation – nutrition – magnestism)
4- All the following can be found in yeast fungus except …….
(cytoplasm – chloroplast – nucleus – cell wall)
5- The building and functional unit in the body of the living organism is the
………………..
(cell – tissue – organ – system)
6- In both animal and plant cells the ……….. exists.
(sap vacuole – nucleus – cell wall – chloroplast)
7- A group of tissues make up ……………..
(a cell – an organ – a system a body)
8- The group of similar cells that do the same function is called ………….
(an organ – a tissue – a system – a cell wall)
9- They system in the human body is composed of a group of ………….
(organs – tissues – different cells – similar cells)
10- The yeast fungus is used in a lot of industries such as ……….
(making clothes – making bread – making papers – making soda)
11- Which of the following is considered as an organ ………… ?
(yeast fungus – heart – epidermis of onion plant – bean plant)
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12- A tissue is …………..
( a group of organs – a group of systems – a group of different cells in
structure and function – a group of similar cells in structure and function).
2- Complete the following statements :
1- Living organisms are classified into ……… and ……….
2- The human body consists of small building units called the ………..
3- Each living cell has an oval shaped body which is called …………..
4- The fluid in which all the cell components are suspended is called the …….
5- The cytoplasm is surrounded by …………..
6- The chloroplast exists in the …………… cells.
7- The cell wall characterizes the ………… cell than the ………. call.
8- The plant cells are characterized by the presence of ……….. and ………
9- A tissue is composed of many similar ………..
10- Tissues join together to make ………………..
11- Examples of unicellular organisms are ……….. and …………
12- The yeast fungus can not be seen by ………. eye.
13- The economic importance of the yeast fungus is making ………. and
making ………….
14- The living organism body is made up of systems integrated with each other
and every system is made up of ………. Containing ……. each of them has
its own function.
3- Write Scientific term
1- The building unit of the living organism.
(……………………………….)
2- A dark oval body inside the cytoplasm of the living cell.
(……………………………….)
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3- A gelatinous liquid that Surrounds the nucleus of the living cell and contain
(……………………………….)
some structures.
(……………………………….)
4- A vacuole in the plant cell.
5- A group of organs that work together. (……………………………….)
6- A unicellular organism used in making bread and alcohol.
(……………………………….)
7- Small organelles that spread in the cytoplasm of the plant cells and make
(……………………………….)
photosynthesis process.
4- G.R.F
1- Cells of leaves in plants have a green colour.
……………………………………………………………………………….
2- The heart is considered an organ.
……………………………………………………………………………….
5- Put ( ) or (x)
1- The plant cell is surrounded by a cell wall
(
)
2- Chloroplasts exist in both animal and plant cells
(
)
3- The living cells contain cytoplasm
(
)
4- All body cells are similar in shape.
(
)
5- The system is a group of tissues working together.
(
)
6- The yeast fungus is multicellular organism.
(
)
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6- Compare the structure of the plant cell, animal cell and yeast
fungus in the opposite table
Comparison
Plant cell
Animal cell
Yeast fungus
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
7- Name three functions a cell can do.
1- ………………………………………………………………………………
2- ……………………………………………………………………………….
3- ………………………………………………………………………….……
8- Give an example to each of the following
1- A unicellular organism ……………………………………………...……..
2- An organ related to the digestive system in the human body …….……….
3- A system that carries out the transport function in the human body.
………………………………………………………………………………
9- What happens in each of the following cases :
1- The absence of chloroplasts from the corn plant cell.
………………………………………………………………………………...
2- The absence of nucleus from the animal cell.
………………………………………………………………………………..
3- The absence of plasma membrane from the animal cell.
………………………………………………………………………………..
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Lesson No. 4
The Importance of Sunlight to
Living Organisms
 Sun light (light energy) is necessary for plants to make their own food.
Sunlight also is considered as the resource of energy for plants.
 A lot of animals depend mainly on plants to get their food.
 So plants are producers, they can make their own food by themselves.
 And consumers are the living organisms depending on producers to get their
food.
 Plants absorb light energy of the sun, water and salts from the soil and
carbon dioxide from the air in order to form their food. This process is
known as photosynthesis.
 Photosynthesis Process :
Water + Co2
Sunlight
Green alive
plant
starch + oxygen gas.
Necessary conditions for
Products of photosynthesis
photosynthesis
1- Co2 gas
1- starch
2- water
2- O2 gas
3- sunlight energy
4- chlorophyll
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Activities :
1- Importance of sunlight for green plants :
- leave both of them for two days.
- Observation: the uncovered plant is green.
The covered plant becomes yellow and weak.
Conclusion : sunlight is important for the plant
to do its own food.
2- Test for the presence of starch in the green plant leaves
- expose a green plant to the sun for several hours.
- Remove a green plant leaf.
- Put it in a cup containing boiled water, then put it in ethyl alcohol to
get rid of the green colour.
- Wash it with water.
observation : put it in an iodine solution
its colour becomes blue.
Conclusion : 1- green substance is necessary for photosynthesis.
2- Starch is a product of photosynthesis.
3- Releasing oxygen during the photosynthesis process observation:
- Bubbles of gas appear above water in the
test tube.
- The glowing splint lights up.
Conclusion :
The glowing splint lights up because of
oxygen gas (which helps in burning) that is produced during
photosynthesis.
Decomposers :
Are living organisms which can’t make their food by them selves since
chloroplasts are not present in their cells. Decomposers get their food
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through decomposing the organic wastes such as dead bodies, plant
remains and decayed food.
Importance of Decomposers :
1- Help us to get rid of dead bodies and plant remains.
2- Increase the soil fertility.
3- Used in a lot of industries
Examples of :
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
- green plants.
First consumers
1- some types of bacteria.
- Algae
They feed on producers
2- Some fungi such as
 cows – sheep – chicken
Second consumers
They feed on consumers
that have previously fed
on producers.
 lion – snake – hawk –
human
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bread mold fungus.
Exercises
1- Choose the correct answer :
1- ………… are examples of producers.
(Algae – reptiles – fungi – birds)
2- ………. Are examples of decomposers.
(Algae – Reptiles – Fungi – Birds)
3- A hawk is an example of …………..
(producers – consumers – decomposers – all of the previous)
4- Chloroplasts are found in …………….
(producers – consumers – decomposers – all of the previous)
5- Bread mold fungus is a ……………….
(producer – consumer – decomposer – all of the previous)
6- …………….. is considered the factory of food in plants.
(flowers – leaves – stem – roots)
7- Plants use ………….. in the process of photosynthesis.
(oxygen – nitrogen – carbon dioxide)
8- All of the following living organisms are producers.
(green algae – maize plant – bread mold – wheat plant)
9- All of the following are necessary for photosynthesis process except ……
(carbon dioxide – starch – sunlight – water)
10- ………….. is a product of photosynthesis in plant.
(Nitrogen gas – oxygen gas – Energy – carbon dioxide gas)
11- To dissolve the green colour of cholorophyll, we put the plant leaf in …..
(lime water – hot water – alcohol – sodium hydroxide)
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12- Are examples of consumers except …………….
(cows – lion – sheep – maize plants)
2- Complete the following statements :
1- Water + ………….
Sunlight
Alive green
starch + ……………..
2- The products of photosynthesis process are ……….. and …………
3- In the photosynthesis process, ……….. gas is absorbed.
4- The plant respires all the day, but it makes ……….. process at day light.
5- Green leaves are the factory of ………. In ……………
6- ………….. are examples of producers.
7- ……………. Is an example of decomposers.
8- Decomposers used to increase …………………. Fertility.
9- Consumers are living organisms depending on ……….. to get their food.
10- The living organisms which are responsible for decomposing remains of
living organisms are known as ………….
11- …………. Gas is evolved during the process of photosynthesis where as
………. Gas is released as a product of respiration process.
12- In green plants ………….. energy is changed into ……… energy stored in a
form of food.
3- Put ( ) or (x)
1- The green plant needs light to carry out photosynthesis process
(
)
2- photosynthesis process occurs in all parts of the plant
(
)
3- O2 gas is essential for photosynthesis
(
)
4- O2 and Co2 gas are the products of photosynthesis
(
)
5- Algae are examples of producers.
(
)
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6- Bacteria is an example of consumers
(
)
7- Bread mold is considered a an decomposer
(
)
8- A hawk is considered as an consumer
(
)
4- Write scientific term
1- A gas used in photosynthesis process (……………………………………..)
2- A gas produced in photosynthesis process. (………………………………..)
3- Living organisms that make their own food (………………………………..)
4- Living organisms depending on producers to get their food.
(……………………………………..)
5- Living organisms get their food through decomposing the organic wasts.
(……………………………………..)
5- Correct the underlined words :
1- Animals are the main source of food for man.
(……………………………….)
2- Oxygen gas absorbs light energy during photosynthesis process.
(……………………………….)
3- Roots are considered as a factory of food in plants.
(……………………………….)
4- Consumers help us to get rid of dead bodies and plant remains.
(……………………………….)
5- Decomposers depending on producers to get their food.
(……………………………….)
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6- G.R.F.
1- Oxygen gas is necessary for all living organisms.
……………………………………………………………………………..
2- The green plants are called producers.
……………………………………………………………………………..
3- Chloroplasts are very important for the plant (producers)
……………………………………………………………………………..
4- Decomposers have a great economical and environmental importance.
……………………………………………………………………………..
5- Food spoils if it was left out side the refrigerator for a long time.
……………………………………………………………………………..
What happens in each of the following cases :
1- the absence of chloroplasts from the corn plant cell.
……………………………………………………………………………..
2- The absence of decomposers from nature.
……………………………………………………………………………..
7- Compare producers, consumers and decomposers, then give
an example for each type.
Producers
Consumers
Decomposes
………………………
………………………
………………………
………………………
………………………
………………………
……………………….
……………………….
……………………….
e.g. 1-
e.g. 1-
e.g. 1-
2-
2-
2-
30
8- Classify the following living organisms into producers,
consumers and decomposers
Dog – lion – corn plant – green Algae – yeast fungus – human – yoghurt
bacteria
Producers
Consumers
Decomposer
1- ……………….……
1- ……………………
1- ……………………
2- ……………..……..
2- ……………….…..
2- …………….……..
3- …………………….
3- ………………..….
3- ……………..…….
31
Lesson No. 5
Energy Paths Through Living
Organisms
- There is a relation connecting all living organisms together.
- All living organisms need food as a source of energy.
- Plants produce food and animals depend on these plants or animals to get
food.
- Some bacteria and fungi get their food through decomposing plants and
animals after their death.
- Food chain : is the energy path in the form of food from a living organism
known as producer to another living organisms known as consumers.
Water plants
Water beetle
fish
producer
whale
Consumers
- Food web : is a group of food chains representing the flow of energy through
living organisms in the form of food.
- Energy path : are paths that show the energy transference in the form of
food from a living organism to another within the food web.
Importance of solar energy for consumers and decomposers :
Sun Light energy Producer Stored energy Consumer Energy Decomposers
Death of
(solar
to do its
consumer
energy
own food
32
nature
1- green plants (producers) make their own food using sunlight energy and
store it in the form of chemical energy.
2- This stored energy (in the form of food) is transferred into consumers
when they feed on these plants.
3- By the death of consumers the energy is transferred into the decomposers
then to the nature.
33
Exercises
1- Choose the correct answer :
1- The food chain consists of ……………
(producers – consumers – decomposers – all of the previous)
2- The food chain starts by ………..
(producers – consumers – decomposers – dead bodies)
3- The rat is considered ……………….
(producer – decomposer – consumer – all of the previous)
4- The …………. Is from consumers.
(Rabbit – beans – fungi – algae)
2- Complete the following sentences :
1- ……………. Feed on organic remains.
2- …………. Is knows at the energy transference from a living organism to
another.
3- The living organism which makes its own food is known as ………..
4- The producer gets the energy from ……………
5- In the food web the energy transfers from ………. To another ………..
6- The algae are ……………
7- The food chain starts by a …………. Such as …………….
8- In green plants ……….. energy is changed into ……….. energy stored in
the form of food.
9- Human being is considered as …………. In the food chain.
10- When food chains connect with each other, they form ………..
11- Food chain ends with ………….
34
3- Write Scientific Term :
1- The path of energy transference in the form of food from a living
organism to other living organism.
(………………………………..)
2- A group of food chains that represent the flow of energy through living
(………………………………..)
organisms.
4- Form
a food chain ending by you ……………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………..
5- Place the following living organisms in their suitable places
formation of food chain.
(falcon – wheat plant – snake – locust)
Sun
light
A rat
Cotton
plant
Frogs
6- G.R.F.
1- All food chains begin with producers.
………………………………………………………………………………..
2- Green Algae are considered at producers.
………………………………………………………………………………..
35
Lesson (1)
Force and its effect
- Pushing a car toy and stopping it is an effect done on the car, changing it
from one state (motion) to another state (stop).
- Effect : force.
- Activity : motion of the bicycle by pushing its pedals and stopping when
pressing the brakes.
- Force : It is an effect that changes the state of the object.
- Measuring unit of the force : Newton [related to the scientist Isaac Newton]
1- Games depend on the effect of force :
a- pulling of the rope game :
observation : team (a) will win because they have more force then
team (b).
Conclusion : The motion increase by increasing the force.
b- Balloon and rocket :
Blow a balloon, then catch its opening by your hand and make the
opening down wards and leave it.
observation : The balloon will move up.
Conclusion : Force of pushing air down wards moves the balloon
upwards like the rocket.
2- The effect of force on moving heavy objects and their rising :
Activity : put a ruler at its middle on a piece of rubber.
Put a book on one end of the ruler.
36
Press by your hand on the other end of the ruler.
observation : the ruler moves down wards and the book rises upwards.
Conclusion : Force causes motion of objects and their rising.
Technological applications depend in their motion on the effect of force.
1- Home equipments such as (mixer and electric fan)
motor pushing force.
2- Means of transportation such as (underground – cars).
3- Technological applications their operation depend on the effect of force in
rising of heavy objects such as :
(crane – electric left – pulleys – electric ladder).
These machines contain pulleys that make motion easy and gears that
transfer the motion.
Lever : is a simple method for a raising an object by effect of force weight acts
as force.
Note : The length of the spring increases by
Increasing of the weight.
37
Exercises
1- Choose the correct answer :
1- Force is an effect that change …………..
(speed of object
- State of object - Rest of object - All of the previous)
2- Force measuring unit is the : …………………..
(kilogram
-
Meter
-
Newton
-
Second)
3- Electric fan rotates by the effect of ……….. force.
(water pushing
-
Air pushing
- Motor pushing
-
Hand pushing)
4- Wind mills move by the pushing force of …………
(the hand
-
The motor
-
The wind
-
The water)
5- Sail boats move on the surface of river Nile by the force of pushing …….
(water
-
Wind
-
Ropes
-
Motors)
6- ……… is one of the applications that depend on force in rising heavy
objects.
(crane
-
Blender
- Wheel barrow -
Electric fan)
7- The kite can fly by the effect of ………..
(water pushing force - Air pushing force - Motor pushing force - Hand pushing force)
8- The wheel barrow moves by the effect of ………….
(water pushing force - Air pushing force - Hand pushing force - engine pushing force)
9- The scientist who discovered the measuring unit of force is ………… .
(Isaac Netwon - Ahmed Zewail - Al Hasan Ibn El Haitham - Ibn El Nafis)
10-
The balloon moves upwards by the effect of …………
(water pushing
- Gases pushing -
Gases
force
force
stopping force
38
-
Water stopping
force)
2- Look at the picture then answer the following :
 what do man do by the lever?
……………………………………………………………..…………………
……………………………………………………………..…………………
 What is the benefit of the lever in your point of view?
……………………………………………………………..…………………
……………………………………………………………..…………………
3- The following table contains some things. Write the name of force that
move them from rest
No
The tool
The effective force
1
A bicycle
…………………………………………………..
2
A wheel
…………………………………………………..
3
A kite
…………………………………………………..
4
A car
………………………………………………….
4- Mention the function of each of the following :
1- pulley ………………………………………………………………………
2- Gear ………………………………………………………………………..
3- Crane ……………………………………………………………………….
5- Write the relation between the length of the spring and the weight.
……………………..…………………………………………………………….
6- Complete the following statements :
1- ………….. is the effect that changes the state of an object from ……… to
motion.
2- ……….. , ………… and ……… are from technological applications the
depend on the effect of force in moving objects.
3- Balloon moues upwards by the effect of ……… pushing force.
39
4- …………… and ……….. are from technological applications that their
operation depend on the effect of force in rising of heavy objects.
5- A movable ladder contains ………. That transfer the motion.
7- Write scientific term.
1- The measuring unit of force.
(
)
2- parts existing in the machines to transfer the motion (
)
3- The effect that changes the state of the objects.
)
(
8- Put (  ) or (x) :
1- Kite flies by the effect of air stopping force.
(
)
2- Force is an effect that changes the state of the object.
(
)
3- Force is measured by kilogram unit.
(
)
4- Pulleys are used to transfer the motion of bodies.
(
)
5- Catching the ball will stop its motion.
(
)
9- G.R. F :
1- Force is an effect that changes the state of an object.
………………………………………………………………………………
2- Pulleys are important in machines.
………………………………………………………………………………
3- The kite fly in the sky.
………………………………………………………………………………
40
Lesson (2)
Forms of Energy and their
changes
Energy : Is the ability to do work.
Types of energy :
1- potential
The spring of a car toy stores potential energy.
2- Light
The electric lamp gives light energy.
3- Kinetic
The electric fan gives kinetic energy.
4- Heat
The electric heater gives heat energy.
5- Sound
The Byano gives sound energy.
6- Electric
The dry cell (Battery) gives electric energy.
7- Chemical
The stored energy in the dry cell is a chemical energy.
Sound energy
 It is the energy reaches to the ear causing the hearing.
 Sound is produced due to vibration of objects.
 Activities : 1- Vibration of the ruler.
2- Vibration of the tuning fork.
Changes of the energy
1- Kinetic energy : it is the energy gained by the body due to its motion.
41
Kinetic energy can be
Transformed into
Sound
Electric
heat
e.g dynamo
pluck a stretched
e.g. rubbing
rubber band
your hands
2- Potential energy : It is the energy stored by the body due to its
position.
- changes of potential energy : To kinetic energy.
e.g. : in spring of children toys.
3- Electric energy : on passing of an electric current in a wire.
- Changes of electric energy : 1- to light energy.
e.g.
in electric
lamp.
2- to kinetic energy e.g.
4- Light energy can be changed into : 1- electric. e.g.
2- heat.
42
e.g.
in motor of fan.
in solar cells
by magnifying lens.
Changes of the energy
Equipment
Electric fan
Used
Produced
energy
energy
Electric
Kinetic
Equipment
Electric
Used
Produced
energy
energy
Electric
Kinetic
motor
Electric
Electric
Light
Violin
Kinetic
Sound
Electric
Heat
Solar cell
Light
Electric
Electric
Sound
Solar
Light
Heat
Chemical
electric
lamp
Electric
heater
Radio
heater
Dynamo
Kinetic
Electric
Battery
43
Exercises
1- Choose the correct answer :
1- Sound is a form of ………… forms.
(mass
-
Speed
-
Energy
-
Motion)
2- The kinetic energy can change into ……….
(sound energy
-
Heat energy - Electric energy - All of the previous)
3- In the solar heater and solar cells the energy used is ……………
(light
-
Electric
-
Potential
-
Kinetic)
4- Rubbing your hands changes the ……………
(kinetic to heat
- Electric to light -
Kinetic to
- Light to electric
energy
energy
electric energy
energy
5- Sound is produced from ………………
(vibration of objects
-
Mass of the bodies
-
Electric lamps
6- Children’s spring toys can move by the ………. Energy.
(light
-
Sound
-
Potential
-
Heat)
7- The change in position of an object in relation to the time is ……….
(force
-
Energy
-
Motion
-
Distance)
8- On vibration of a spring, an exchange happens between …………
(potential energy - Potential energy and electric energy
Potential
and kinetic
energy and
energy
heat energy
44
- Potential energy and
light energy
9- Energy is defined as ………..
(The distance Covered by the body - The ability to do work
Energy thing that
has mass & volume
10- Dynamo changes the ………..
(electric to potential - Light to electric - Kinetic to light - Kinetic to electric)
11- In the motor bike ……… energy.
(kinetic changes to - Electric changes - Light changes - Potential changes to
electric
to kinetic
to heat
kinetic)
12- In the guitar ……….. energy.
(kinetic changes to - Kinetic changes - Potential changes - Light changes to
sound
to heat
to kinetic
heat)
2- Complete the following :
1- Energy is the ability to do ……………. .
2- From the forms of energy ………. , ………. , …………. .
3- In the electric lamp, electric energy changes into ………. Energy.
4- Sound originates due to …………. .
5- In the motor of a car, electric energy changes into ………. Energy.
6- Light energy changes into electric energy in …………… .
7- In motor bike ……… energy changes to ………… energy.
8- In electric lamp ………… energy changes to ……….. energy.
9- In electric fan ………… energy changes to ……….. energy.
10- We get ……….. energy from the solar call.
11- The main source of energy on the earth’s surface is ………… .
45
12- The washing machine produces ………… energy.
13- ………….. is the energy produced by the dry cells.
14- When tunning fork vibrates, it produces sound this means that sound
originates from …………….
15- The energy produced on rotation of dynamo coil is ………….. .
16- The energy produced on knocking on the door of the classroom is
………….. .
17- Passing of an electric current in an electric lamps produces …………
energy.
Question No. (3)
On removing a nail from a wooden plate, the nail becomes warm . Explain
Why?
……………………………………………………………..…………………….
……………………………………………………………..…………………….
Question No. (4)
 spring (A) is similar to spring (B).
 spring (a) is pressed a little and fixed in its place.
 Spring (B) is pressed by a large degree and fixed in its place.
 What is the name of the energy stored in each spring?
………………………………………………………………………………….
 What is the spring that store a large amount of energy.
…………………………………………………………………………………
46
Question No. (5)
What happens when :
1- Sun rays fall on a lens that is put over a piece of paper.
………………………………………………………………………………...
2- A piece of fixed rubber is pulled, them is left.
………………………………………………………………………………...
3- You switch on an electric lamp.
………………………………………………………………………………...
4- Pulling the free end of a vertically hanged then leaving it free.
………………………………………………………………………………...
Question No. (6)
The two springs (a) , (B) are similar. A weight was hung in the end of each one
then fixed as shown in the figure.
1- What is the name of energy that stored in each spring?
……………………………………………………………………………..…
2- What is the spring that store more energy?
……………………………………………………………………………..…
3- What happens if each of them is left free?
……………………………………………………………………………..…
47
Question No. (7)
G.R.F.
1- you hear a sound when you tap a tunning fork.
………………………………………………………………………………...
2- When you ride a bicycle, some changes of energy happen.
………………………………………………………………………………...
3- To move the children’s toys, you must fill the spring.
………………………………………………………………………………...
Question No. (8)
Correct the under lined words :
1- Light energy can change into kinetic energy in the solar heater.
……………………………………………………………………………..
2- Light is a form of energy that reaches ear causing hearing.
……………………………………………………………………………..
3- In the solar cells, the light energy changes into heat energy.
……………………………………………………………………………..
4- In the radio, the electric energy changes into chemical energy.
……………………………………………………………………………..
48
Lesson (3)
Sources of Energy
- Sun is the main source for all energies.
- Plants depend on it in making their food.
- Sun is necessary for growth of plants and human life.
- Sun heat is responsible for the evaporation of water of seas, oceans and
rivers forming clouds and this is the reason of motion of wind that change
clouds to rain.
- The sun is the main reason in the formation of petroleum and coal, they are
products of the plants & animals that were buried under the earth’s surface.
- Solar cell changes light energy into electric energy directly.
- The sun generates wind that rotates turbines for generating electricity.
- Solar heaters change solar energy into heat energy that is used in warming
and heating of water.
- Sun is one of the main factors in the formation of fuel that is used in
machines operation.
49
Importance and benefits of solar energy :
Sun
Sources of Energy
Renewable resources of energy
 The
sources
Non-renewable resources of energy
 The sources that don’t
that
renew themselves.
renew themselves.
1- Wind used in rotating
1- coal.
wind mills to generate
2- Petroleum.
electricity .
3- Natural gas.
2- Rising and ebb tides
energy which is used in
rotating
turbines
to
produce electricity.
50
3- Water falls energy :
generates electricity by
moving turbins.
Machines and non-renewable resources of energy :
1- Cars : working by benzene of natural gas.
2- Aeroplanes: working by benzene.
3- Irrigation machines : working by kerosene.
 Natural gas : - The cleanest form of fuel.
- The government try to increase its production for keeping the
environment from pollution.
51
Exercises
1- Complete :
1- The main source of energy on the earth’s surface is ………… .
2- We get ……….. energy from the solar cells.
3- Windmills are used in ……………. .
4- Rising and ebb tides happen by the effect of ……………
5- The sun helps in formation of clouds, ………. and ………
6- …………. , ………….. , ……………. are used to produce electricity.
7- ………….. , ……………. , …………… are examples of non-renewable
resources.
8- Dead animals and plants that were buried under the earth’s surface
millions of years ago form …………….
2- What happens when ………. ?
a- The sun is absent.
……………………………………………………………………………..
b- Petroleum is run out of from earth.
……………………………………………………………………………..
c- Absence of gasoline and natural gas for several days.
……………………………………………………………………………..
d- We depend on the non-renewable resources of energy only.
……………………………………………………………………………..
3- G.R.F.
1- Attension of government by using natural gas instead of benzene in
means of transportation.
……………………………………………………………………………..
52
2- It is preferred to use the natural gas to coal.
……………………………………………………………………………..
3- The sun is important to plants.
……………………………………………………………………………..
4- Coal, petroleum oil and natural gas are non-renewable resources of
energy.
……………………………………………………………………………..
5- The sun is responsible for the formation of clouds.
……………………………………………………………………………..
4- Put (  ) or (x) :
1- Sun is the main source of energy on the surface of the earth.
(
)
2- Plant grows in presence of sunlight.
(
)
3- Wind is one of non-renewable resources of energy.
(
)
4- Sun and petroleum from renewable resources of energy.
(
)
5- Car motor works by natural gas or benzene.
(
)
6- The sun provides us with light only.
(
)
7- Natural gas is considered as the cleanest type of fuel.
(
)
8- Wind mills change the wind energy into electric energy.
(
)
9- The sun is one of the main factors in the formation of fuel
(
)
10- The sources of energy are renewable resources only.
(
)
5- W.S.T.
1- Sources include coal, petroleum and natural gas.
(
)
2- The main source of energy on earth’s surface
(
)
53
3- A fuel from the cleanest non-renewable resources of
energy
4- It gives light & heat.
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
5- A device that changes the solar energy into electric
energy.
6- The effective body in the universe that causes rising
ebb tides.
7- They change the wind energy into electric energy.
6- Choose the correct answer :
1- Which of the following groups are considered as renewable resources of
energy? ………………
(wind, water falls, rising and ebb tides – natural gas, sun, rising and ebb tides
– coal, petroleum and natural gas – sun, petroleum and ground heat)
2- Which of the following is considered as another example for non-renewable
resources of energy?
(sea
-
Water
-
Sunlight
-
Coal - wind)
3- Solar energy helps in the formation of ………………
(clouds
-
Rain
-
Wind
- All of the previous)
4- wind mills move by the pushing force of ………….
(The hand
-
The motor
-
The wind
-
The water)
5- All of the following are from the non-renewable resources of energy
except…….
(wind
-
Coal
- Petroleum oil -
54
Natural gas
Lesson (4)
The Electricity
Electricity is divided into
Static electricity
Dynamic electricity
It is formed from electric charges that They are electric charges flow through
remain on an object
connecting wires for a long distance.
Phenomena related to static electricity
When electric charges pass in wires
which
1- lightning in the sky.
are
good
conductors
of
2- Standing of your hair when you electricity in one direction
comb it by a plastic comb.
3- Hearing a sound when you put
off your clothes, or vision of
flash.
Reasons of these phenomena :
Formation of electric charges
Activity No1 :
Activity No 1
1- Blow a balloon and tie its Make a battery from a lemon.
opening by a thread.
1- press the lemon several
2- Rub the balloon by a piece of
times until it becomes
wool.
3- Close the balloon to sugar.
flexible.
2- Put the rod (copper) far from the
zink rod by 3cm in the lemon.
3- Connect the rods by the lamp.
Observation : the sugar will be Observation : the lamp lights.
55
attracted to the balloon.
Conclusion : The lemon and the two
Conclusion : electric changes are different metals form a battery.
formed on the surface of the balloon & The electric circuit :
attract the sugar to them.
It is composed of :
1- A battery
2- A lamp
3- Electric
4- connecting wires.
Activity No. 2
1- Rub ruler by your hair several
times.
2- Close the ruler to the small bits of
paper.
Observation : The small bits of paper A- Close the circuit
attracted to the ruler.
the lamp will
give light.
Conclusion : electric charges are B- Open the circuit
formed on the ruler after rubbing it.
the lamp will
not give light.
Which attract the bits of paper. So C- Remove the battery
rubbing of objects generates static
the
lamp will not give light.
electricity.
Observation : The lamp lights when the circuit is closed and contains the
battery.
Conclusion :
 The source of electric current is the battery.
 The switch is used to close and open the circuit.
 The connecting wires connect the components of the circuit together
and transfer the electric current from the battery to the lamp.
To obtain an electric current, the electric circuit must be closed.
Define : the electric circuit
56
It is the closed path of electric current.
Some of the electric equipments used at home :
1- Television.
2- Washing machine.
3- Heater.
4- Computer.
5- Refrigerator.
57
Exercises
1- What happens when ……..?
a- Rubbing your hair by a plastic comb.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
b- Rubbing a plastic ruler by a piece of wool.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
c- Rubbing a flattened balloon by a piece of wool then closing it go your hair.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
d- Removing the battery from a closed electric circuit.
…………………………………………………………………………………..
2- Complete :
1- ……….. is a clean form of energy.
2- …………. Is from the methods that is used to generate static electricity.
3- To obtain an electric current from an electric circuit, it must be ……..
4- The battery is composed of ……….. and ………………. .
5- The flow of the electric changes through conductors produces ……….
electricity.
6- The ………. Can be formed on a balloon when it is rubbed by a piece of
wool.
3- What is the result of ……….. ?
a)
closing a charged balloon to a wall?
………………………………………………………………………………….
b) Insert copper plate and another zink plate in a Lemon then touch them by
your tongue.
………………………………………………………………………………….
58
c)
The absence of a switch in an electric circuit.
………………………………………………………………………………….
d) Cutting the electric current of your home for one day.
………………………………………………………………………………….
4- Choose the correct answer :
1- To make an electric circuit we need …………….
(a switch – a battery – a connecting wires – all of the previous)
2- Static electricity is formed by …………….. objects.
(rotating -
pushing - rubbing
- vibrating)
3- ……………. is a type of electricity that is produced due to the formation
of the electric charges on a body.
(Static dynamic
–
Light
-
Sound)
5- Compare between static and current electricity.
Static
Dynamic
Define :
Methods of generating :
Examples :
6- G.R.F :
1- Attracting the small bits of paper to a ruler that was rubbed your hair.
…………………………………………………………………………….
2- Attracting a balloon rubbed by the wool a wall.
…………………………………………………………………………….
3- It is forbidden to use electric current at home for performing an activity.
…………………………………………………………………………….
4- Battery is a main part in the electric circuit.
…………………………………………………………………………….
59
7- Put (  ) or (x) :
1- small bits of paper are attracted to a rubbed plastic ruler
(
)
2- The electricity is divided into three types.
(
)
(
)
connecting wires for long distances forming electric current.
(
)
5- Electricity can be generated by a Lemon and two similar metals
(
)
3- Static electricity is the type of electricity that is produced due to
the accumulation of the electric charges on a body.
4- Dynamic electricity is the electric charges that flow through
6- Examine the following shapes :
a- Which of them can be used to make an electric circuit. ……………….. ,
…………………. , …………………
b- which of them can be used together in generating static electricity …….?
……………………. , …………………….
7- W.S.T.
1- A type of electricity that is produced due to accumilation of the electric
charges on a body.
(
)
2- The electric current that flows in the wire in one direction.
(
)
(
)
3- A closed path of the electric current.
60
Practical sheet – 2nd term
4th prim
Question 1:
The sample is: teeth
The number in an adult is 32
They are divided into incisors, canine and molars
Question 2:
- The sample is: stomach
- It secrets gastric juice that digest proteins.
Question 3:
- The sample is: liver
- It secrets bile juice that digest fats.
Question 4:
- The figure is: plant cell
- Label the figure
61
Question 5:
- The figure is: Animal cell
- Label the figure
Question 6:
- Green plant makes it food by photosynthesis
- Green plant produces starch and oxygen gas.
Question 7:
- Leaves of plant (A) are green.
- Leaves of plant (B) are yellow.
- Sunlight is essential for plant to carry out
photosynthesis process.
Question 8:
- Sample is: electric circuit.
- Label the figure.
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Question
The sample is: ………………..
The number in an adult is ………
They are divided into incisors ………… and ……………
Question
- The sample is: …………………..
- It secrets ………….. juice that digests ………….
Question
- The sample is: ……………..
- It secrets ……… juice that digests ……….
Question
- The figure is: ……………..
- Label (A) is: ………………
- Label (B) is: ………………
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Question
- The figure is: ……………..
- Label (A) is: ………………
- Label (B) is: ………………
Question
- Leaves of plant (A) are ……….color.
- Leaves of plant (B) are ……… color.
- …………. is essential for plant to carry out
photosynthesis process.
Question
- Sample is: …………………
- Label (A) is: ………………
- Label (B) is: ………………
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