Download BWY Diploma Course Unit 1

BWY DIPLOMA COURSE
UNIT 1 WORKSHEETS
These Worksheets should be used in conjunction with
the Resource Book:
"The Concise Human Body Book "
Pub: Dorling Kindersley
ISBN : 978-1-4053-4041-0
Other Anatomy and Physiology books you may have
& the A&P information sheet sent to you by your course tutor
© British Wheel of Yoga
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
January 2003
UNIT 1 WORKSHEETS
INDEX OF CONTENTS
1. Worksheet W.1.1.A (i)
The Skeletal System - Part 1
2. Worksheet W.1.1.A (ii)
The Skeletal System - Part 2
3. Worksheet W.1.1.B (i)
The Muscular System - Part 1
4. Worksheet W.1.1.B (ii)
The Muscular System - Part 2
5. Worksheet W.1.1.C
The Cardio-vascular System
6. Worksheet W.1.1.D
The Respiratory System
7. Worksheet W.1.1.E
The Kinesiology of Yoga Postures
8. Worksheet W.1.2
Precautions and Prohibitions
9. Guidance Notes for Tutors
Not included in Student version
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Name: Paul Wigley………………….…………………………
Date: …October 2009……………………………………………
Tutor assessed:
BWY Diploma Course Unit 1
W.1.1A (i) - The Skeletal System – Part I
1. Read pages 39-41
2. The skeletal system is an essential part of our physical body. Give seven reasons why.
(i)
Supports the body: all body tissues (apart from cartilage and bone) are soft so without the
skeleton the body would be jelly-like and could not standup. The bones and their
arrangement give the body it’s shape.
(ii)
Allows and enables movement. This happens as a result of the coordinated action of
muscles on bones and joints. Bones are, therefore leavers for muscles.
(iii)
Protects delicate body organs e.g. the cranium, or skull, is a hard shell surrounding the
soft brain and the thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) covers the heart and the lungs.
(iv)
Forms blood cells (in the red bone marrow)
(v)
Forms joints, which are essential for the movement of the body.
(vi)
Provides attachment for the muscles, which move the joints: muscles are attached to the
bones and pull them into different positions, thus moving the body.
(vii)
Provides a store of calcium salts and phosphorus, which can be released when needed for
essential metabolic processes like muscle contraction and the conduction of nerve
impulses.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1A(i) - Skeletal System - Part I_____
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3. There are 206 individual bones in the human body. They are classified according to
their shape. Describe five different types and give one or two examples.
(i) Long Bones: The body’s levers, they allow movement, particularly in the limbs e.g. the
femur (thigh bone) Tibia and Fibula (lower leg bone).
(ii) Short Bones: Strong and compact bones, usually grouped in parts of the body where
little movement is required e.g. Tarsal (ankle Bone) Carpals (wrist bones).
(iii) Flat Bones: Protective bones with broad flat surfaces for muscle attachment e.g.
Scapula (shoulder bone) Ribs.
(iv) Irregular Bones: Bones that do not fit into the above categories and have different
characteristics e.g. Vertebrae, including the Sacrum and Coccyx (backbone) Mandible
(jaw).
(v) Sesamoid Bones: Bones within Tendons. There are only two Sesamoid bones in the
human body, the Patella (kneecap) and the Hyoid (base of the tongue). The Hyoid is
sometimes classified as an irregular bone because it is attached by ligaments and not
‘floating’ in a tendon like the patella.
4. The vertebral column is divided into five different sections. Give the name of each
section and the number of vertebrae in each.
(i) Cervical (7 bones) in the neck.
(ii) Thoracic (12 bones) carrying the ribs in the centre of the body.
(iii) Lumbar (5 bones) in the lower back.
(iv) Sacral (5 bones) in the pelvis fused to form the Sacrum.
(v) Coccygeal (4 bones) below the Sacrum, forming the Coccyx
5. What are the intervertebral discs made of?
Intervertebral discs are made of White Fibrocartilage, white fibres closely packed in
dense masses; contains chondrocyte cells, extremely tough and slightly flexible.
Their function is to absorb shock
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1A(i) - Skeletal System - Part I_____
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6. Explain the terms :
(i)
Kyphosis
This is an abnormally increased outward curvature of the thoracic spine.
In this condition the back appears round as the shoulders point forwards
and the head moves forward.
A tightening of the pectoral muscles is common in this condition.
(ii)
Scoliosis
This is a lateral curvature of the vertebral column, either to the left or right
side. Evident signs of the condition include unequal leg length, distortion
of the ribcage, unequal position of the hips or shoulders and curvature of
the spine (usually in the thoracic region).
(iii)
Lordosis
This is an abnormally increased inward curvature of the lumbar spine.
In this condition the pelvis tilts forward and as the back is hollow the
abdomen and the buttocks protrude and the knees may be
hyperextended. Typical problems associated with this condition are
tightening of the back muscles followed by a weakening of the
abdominal muscles. Hamstring problems are common because of the
anterior tilt of the pelvis. Increased weight gain or pregnancy may
cause or exacerbate this condition.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1A(i) - Skeletal System - Part I_____
THE SKELETON
(Anterior View)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
______________________4
Fully label the diagram
Colour the axial skeleton blue
Colour the appendicular skeleton red
Cranium
Clavicle
Mandible
Sternum
Humerus
Vertebral Column
Ulna
Ilium
Radius
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1A(i) - Skeletal System - Part I_____
THE SKELETON
(Posterior View)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
______________________5
Fully label the diagram
Colour the axial skeleton blue
Colour the appendicular skeleton red
Cranium
Cervical Vertebrae
Scapula
Femur
Humerus
Radius
Ilium
Ulna
Sacrum
Coccyx
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Paul Wigley
Name: ………………
Date: …October 09
Tutor assessed:
BWY Diploma Course Unit 1
W.1.1A(ii) - The Skeletal System – Part 2
7. A joint is formed when two or more bones come together. Describe the following
joints and how much they can move. Give examples.
(i)
Fixed or Fibrous Joints
These are immovable joints with tough fibrous tissue between the bones. Often the
edges of the bones are dovetailed as in the sutures of the skull.
Examples include: the joints between the teeth and the maxilla and mandible of the
jaw.
(ii)
Slightly moveable or Cartilaginous Joints
These are slightly movable joints which have a pad of white fibrocartilage between the
ends of the bones making the joints. The pad acts as a shock absorber.
Examples include: between the vertebrae of the spine and at the symphysis pubis in
the pubis bone.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II _____
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2
8. Name the types of synovial joints illustrated. Simply describe their movement and
draw a stylised diagram of the joint's movement. Say where they can be found in the
body. An example (wrist joint) is shown to get you started.
Name the type of joint
Describe the type of movement
and where the joint can be
located
EXAMPLE - WRIST JOINT
Condyloid joint allows movement in all directions
but no rotation around its central
action.
Ball and Socket: e.g. Shoulder
and Hip Joint
Most movable of all Joints, it
allows movement in many
directions around a central point.
Flexion, extension, adduction,
abduction, rotation and
cicumduction
Hinge: e.g. Elbow, Knee, Ankle
joints between phalanges of
fingers and toes.
This type of joint is where the
rounded surface of one bone fits
the hollow surface of another
bone. Movement is in one
direction, flexion and extension
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Stylised diagram of joint's
movement
W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II________ _____
Name the type of joint
Describe the type of movement
and where the joint can be
located
Pivot: First two Cervical
Vertebrae (Atlas and Axis)
which allow the head to
rotate.
A pivot joint occurs where a
process of bone rotates in a
socket. One component is
shaped like a ring and the other
component is shaped so that it
can rotate within the ring.
Movement around one axis only
and a rotary movement
Saddle: found only between the
phalanges of the thumb and its
metacarpal.
Its articulating surface of bone have
both rounded and hollow surfaces
so that the surface of one bone fits
the complementary surface of the
other. Movement around the two
axes allows flexion, extension,
adduction, and circumduction.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
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3
Stylised diagram of joint's
movement
W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II_____
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4
9. Using kinesiology terms, name the different kinds of joints indicated on the diagram.
(e.g. ball and socket, hinge, etc.)
Fixed
Or Fibrous joint
Ball and Socket
Slightly moveable
Or
Cartilaginous joints
Ball and Socket
Hinge Joint
Synovial hinge
joint
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II_____
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10. The movements enabled by certain joints are illustrated below and on pages 6 and 7.
In the appropriate boxes, name the type of movement shown, and draw a posture
which uses this type of movement.
(i) MOVEMENTS OF THE SPINE
MOVEMENT
Forward Bend
Flexion
MOVEMENT
Backward bend in
spine or moving
arms or leg
behind body
Backward Bend
MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT
Side Bend
Pivot Twist
Lateral Flexion
Rotation
Extension
POSTURE
Balasana
Child’s Pose
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
POSTURE
Ushtrasana - The
Camel Pose
POSTURE
POSTURE
SIMPLE SEATED
TWIST
TRIKONASANA
W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II _____
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6
4(ii) MOVEMENTS OF THE HIP
MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT
Abduction – taking
the leg away from
the body’s midline
Adduction – taking
the leg towards or
across the body’s
midline
POSTURE
POSTURE
TRIKONASANA
Garudasana
MOVEMENT
Lateral (outward)
rotation of the leg
at the hip, and
flexion of the
lower leg at the
knee
MOVEMENT
Medial (inward)
rotation of the leg at the
hip and eversion
(outward movement) of
the foot at the ankle
POSTURE
Padmasana
Lotus
MOVEMENT
POSTURE
Mandukasana
The Frog Pose
POSTURE
Flexion of the
upper leg at the hip
Garudasana
Extension of the leg
at the hip
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Virabhadrasana
Warrior
W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II_______
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4(iii) MOVEMENTS OF THE ARM AND SHOULDER
EXAMPLE
MOVEMENT
POSTURE
Circumduction
Often used in preparatory
movements or sequences
No example required
MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT
MOVEMENT
Flexion of the
lower arm and
the elbow (arm
bent)
Extension of the
lower arm at the
elbow (arm
straight)
Pronation (palm
down) of the lower
arm at the elbow
(rotation of ulna
around radius)
Supination (palm
up) of the lower
arm at the elbow
(rotation of ulna
around radius)
POSTURE
POSTURE
POSTURE
POSTURE
Sirshasana - The
Head Stand
Mahamudra
The Great Seal
Dwi Pada Pitham
Two-Legged Table
Savasana
Corpse
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W.1.1A(ii) Skeletal System - Part II _____
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11. Briefly describe the following conditions you may come across in the yoga class
associated with joints.
i) Arthritis
Arthritis is an inflammation of the joints. Mono-articular arthritis is an inflammation of one joint
and poly-arthritis is an inflammation of many. It can be acute or chronic:
Acute: Symptoms are heat, redness and visible inflammation of the affected joints accompanied by
severe pain.
Chronic: involves the loss of cartilage, deposition of bone tissue around the joint margins and lesser
degree of pain and inflammation.
ii)
Osteo-arthritis
Osteo-arthritis may affect only a single joint and can be triggered by localized wear and tear,
resulting in painful inflammation from time to time. Joint degeneration may be hastened by
congenital defect, injury, infection or obesity. Because cartilage normally wears away as the body
ages, a mild form of osteo-arthritis affects many people after about the age of 60.
iii)
Rheumatoid arthritis
This form of arthritis develops when the immune system produces antibodies that attack its own
body tissue – especially the Synovial membranes inside the joints. Joints become swollen and
deformed, with painful and restricted movement.
iv)
Ankylosing spondylitis
This is a systemic joint disease characterized by inflammation of the Intervertebral; disc
spaces, costo-vertebral and sacroiliac joints. Fibrosis, calcification, ossification and
stiffening of the joints are common and the spine becomes rigid. Typically, a person will
complain of persistent or intermittent lower back pain.
v)
Osteoporosis
This is caused by brittle bones due to ageing and the lack of the hormone oestrogen, which
affects the ability to deposit calcium in the matrix of the bone. This can also result from
prolonged use of steroids. Vulnerability to osteoporosis can be inherited. Bones cam break
easily and vertebrae can collapse
vi)
Prolapsed intervertebral disc (slipped-disc)
This is caused by the weakening or tearing of one of the invertebral discs. The disc bulges or sticks
out and this may press on the spinal nerve causing pain.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Name: Paul Wigley
Date: October 2009
Tutor assessed:
BWY Diploma Course Unit 1
W.1.1B(i) - The Muscular System - Part I
Each book on Anatomy shows muscles in a different way. Your text is stylised and doesn’t show
the origin and insertions of each muscle clearly. However, it does give the action of each muscle
and explains its position clearly.
For each of the following diagrams find the muscles on the list in your book and write the action of
the muscle by the side of the name as shown in the example. Then label and colour the diagrams.
Trunk (anterior view of)
Muscles
1 Sternocleidomastoid
2 External oblique
3 Internal oblique
4 Transverse abdominis
5 Rectus abdominis
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Action
Working together they flex the neck, pull the chin down towards
the chest. When working individually they rotate the head to the
opposite side.
Flexes, rotates and side bends the trunk. It compresses the contents
of the abdomen.
“
“
“
“
Compresses the abdomen contents and supports the organs of the
abdominal cavity
Flexes the vertebral column, flexes the trunk (as in sit up) and
compresses the abdominal cavity
Sternocleidomastoid
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1B(i) - Muscular System - Part I
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Anterior Shoulder Girdle and Upper Arm
Muscles
1 Pectoralis major
2 Coracobrachialis
3 Biceps brachii
4 Bracialis
Action
Adducts and medially rotates the humerus. Draws arm forward and
medially adducts and rotates inward
Weakly adducts shoulder joint, helps stabilize Humerus
Flexes elbow joint, supinates for arm (weakly flexes arm at shoulder
joint
Flexes elbow joint
Pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Bracialis
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Levator scapuli
Rhomboid minor
Trapezius
Rhomboid major
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Deltoid
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1B(i) - Muscular System - Part I
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Posterior Shoulder Girdle and Upper Arm
Muscles
Action
1
Trapezius
2
Deltoid
3
Latissimus dorsi
Draws arm backwards, adducts and rotates it medially.
4
Triceps brachii
Extends (straightens) elbow joint, stabilizes shoulder joint
5
Levator scapuli
6
Rhomboid
minor
Retracts (adducts) scapula, stabilizes scapula
7
Rhomboid
major
Slightly assists in outer range of adduction of arm (i.e. from
overhead to arm at shoulder level).
8
Teres major
Adducts and medially rotates humerus, extends shoulder joint
9
Supraspinatus
10
Infraspinatus
Rotates inferior angle of scapula laterally raises shoulder, draws
scapula backwards
Front draws arm forward, middle adducts back draws arm backwards
Rotates and elevates scapula, helps to bend neck laterally
Abducts arm, holds humerus in socket.
Lateral rotation of humerus, stabilizes humerus in socket.
11
Teres minor
Lateral rotation of humerus, stabilizes humerus in socket.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1B(i) - Muscular System - Part I
4
Anterior Pelvis and Leg
1
2
Muscles
Iliopsoas
Tensor fasciae latae
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Vastus lateralis
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Medialis
Sartorius
Pectineous
Adductor longus
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
11
12
13
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Action
Rotates femur laterally and flexes hip
Flexes, abducts and medially rotates the hip joint,
tenses the fascia lata thus stabilizing the knee.
Extends knee joint
Extends knee joint and flexes the hip joint
Extends Knee Joint
Flexes hip and knee joint, rotates the femur laterally
Flexes the hip joint, adducts the hip joint
Adducts the femur
Adducts the femur
Adducts the thigh, flexes the knee and hip medially
(inward) rotates the thigh and tibia.
Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot
Extends toes, dorsiflexes ankle joint
Extends big toe, dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot
Iliopsoas
Tensor fasciae latae
Vastus lateralis (3)
Pectineous
Adductor longus
Rectus Femoris (4)
Adductor magnus
Vastus Medialis (5)
Gracilis
Sartorius (6)
Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1B(i) - Muscular System - Part I
5
Posterior Pelvis and Leg
Muscles
Action
1
Gluteus maximus
Extends the hip, abducts and laterally rotates the thigh.
2
Semimembranosus
Flexes the knee, extends the hip also medially rotates
(turns in) the lower leg when the knee is flexed.
3
Semitendinosus
Flexes the knee extends the hip also medially rotates
(turns in) the lower leg when the knee is flexed.
4
Biceps Femoris (long head)
Flexes the knee joint and extends the hip.
5
Biceps Femoris (short
head)
Laterally rotates (turns out) the lower leg when the knee
is flexed.
6
Gastrocnemius
Plantor flexes (points) foot at ankle joints. Assists in
flexion of the knee joint. It is a main propelling force in
walking and running
7
Soleus
Plantor flexes ankle, frequently in contraction during
standing to prevent the body falling forward at the ankle
joint i.e. to offset the line of pull through the body’s
center of gravity. Thus it helps to maintain the upright
posture.
Gluteus maximus
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Biceps Femoris (long head)
Biceps Femoris (short head)
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Name: Paul Wigley
…………………….…………………………
Date: October 2009
Tutor assessed:
BWY Diploma Course Unit 1
W.1.1B(ii) - The Muscular System – Part 2
1. Briefly describe:
(i)
The Structure of a muscle:
Muscle tissue is bound together in bundles and contained in a sheath (sometimes called a
fascia) the end of which extends to form a tendon that attaches the muscle to other parts
of the body.
Muscle is 75% water, 20% proteins, 5% fat, minerals, salts and glycogen.
(ii)
The function of a muscle:
A muscles function is to contract and by doing so start a movement in the surrounding
structures (the tendons, ligament and eventually bones). The muscle contracts in reaction
to nerve stimulus sent by the brain through a motor nerve. The muscle then shortens
becoming fatter at the center.
Summary of muscle functions




Contract and thereby produce movement e.g. to move joints
Stabilize Joints
Maintain postural tone
Aid in temperature control e.g. shivering and dilation of capillaries.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1B(ii) Muscular System - Part II
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2. Briefly explain the function of the following types of muscle :-
(i)
Voluntary
These are the muscles we consciously control e.g. our arms and legs. If we want to walk
we do so. Voluntary muscle works intimately with the nervous system and, therefore, will
only contract if a stimulus is applied to it via a motor nerve. Each muscle fibre receives its
own nerve impulse so that fine and varied motions are possible. Voluntary muscles also
have their own small, stored supply of glycogen which is use as fuel for energy. Voluntary
muscle tissue differs from other types of muscle tissue in that the muscles tire easily and
need regular exercise.
(ii)
Involuntary
These are the muscles we do not consciously control e.g. those that are found in the walls
of blood and lymphatic vessels, in respiratory, digestive and genito-urinary systems.
These muscles work automatically whether we want them to or not.
(iii)
Cardiac
Cardiac muscle is a specialized type of involuntary muscle tissue found only in the walls of
the heart. Forming the bulk of the wall of each heart chamber, cardiac muscles contract
rhythmically and continuously to provide the pumping action necessary to maintain a
relatively consistent flow of blood throughout the body.
3. How does a muscle know when to contract?
Skeletal or voluntary muscles are moved as a result of nervous stimulus which they
receive from the brain via a motor nerve. Each skeletal fibre is connected to the fibre of
the nerve cell. Each nerve fibre ends in a motor point which is the end portion of the nerve
and is the part through which the stimulus to contract is given to the muscle fibre. A single
motor nerve may transmit stimuli to one muscle or as many as 150, depending on the
effect of the action required. The site where the nerve fibre and muscle fibre meet is
called a neuromuscular junction. In response to a nerve impulse, the end of the motor
nerve fibre secretes a neurotransmitter substance called acetylcholine, which diffuses
across the junction and stimulates the muscle fibre to contract.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1B(ii) Muscular System - Part II
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4. How does a muscle get the energy required for contraction?
In order for contraction (and therefore movement) to take place, there must be an
adequate blood supply to provide oxygen and nutrients and remove carbon dioxide and
waste products from the energy production. Muscles receive their nutrients from the
artierial capillaries. This is converted into energy by chemical changes. The nutrients and
oxygen are used up by the muscle and the waste product, lactic acid is then excreted into
the venous blood stream.
5. What affects a muscle's ability to contract?

Energy available.

Strength of the stimulus from the nerve.

Time muscle has been contracting.

Adequate blood supply bringing enough oxygen and nutrients.

Strength of inhibitory nerve supply.

Temperature of muscle (warmth increases response).

Presence of waste products like lactic acid.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1B(ii) Muscular System - Part II
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4
6. Briefly explain the function of tendons and ligaments.
(i) Tendons
It connects muscle to the bone. A white fibrous cord (an extension of the fascia) with no
elasticity which are of different lengths and thickness and are very strong. They have few,
if any blood vessels or nerves
(iii) Ligaments,
Ligaments are strong, fibrous, elastic tissues that are usually cordlike in nature. A ligament
is pliant so as to allow good freedom of movement, but it is also strong, tough and
inextensible (does not stretch) Their attachment to various skeletal components helps
maintain the bones in correct relationship to one another, stabilizing the joints.
7. Give an explanation of the terms origin and insertion.
(i)
Origin
The fixed end of a muscle, this end of the muscle barely moves during a muscle action.
Generally, the end of the muscle closest to the centre of the body is referred to as the
origin. Origins are often shorter and broader and attached over a larger area, than
insertions.
(ii)
Insertion
The moving end of the muscle, the point to which the force of the muscle is directed. A
muscle always works from its insertion towards its origin. Generally, the insertion is end of
the muscle attached the furthest away from the centre of the body. Insertions are
commonly longer and the fibres are more densely concentrated, attaching to a smaller
bone area. The insertion is generally the most movable point and, therefore the point at
which the muscle work is done.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1B(ii) Muscular System - Part II
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8. (i) A muscle must pass over a ......bone...........................to create movement
(ii) In general muscles work in ....Pairs..............................................................
(i)
Pairs contract and relax equally to ensure ...the precisely required degree and
direction of motion (agonists) and to prevent the movement over-extending
antagonists)..................................
(ii)
In pairs, when a muscle is contracting, it is called an .Agonist............................
9. Referring to the diagram below, where all muscles pass over the joint, briefly
describe :-
ORIGIN
(i) What happens to bone U when the fibres of muscle B and Br contract?
Fibres contract (shorten) thus moving bone attached, bone moves upwards.
(ii) What happens to bone U when muscle T contracts?
When muscle ‘T’ contracts the bones moves downwards.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1B(ii) Muscular System - Part II
9.
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6
(iii) What happens to the muscle fibres of T when the fibres of B and Br contract?
The muscle fibres relax and are passively stretched.
(iv) What happens to the muscle fibres of B and Br when the fibres of T contract?
The muscle fibres relax and are passively stretched.
(v) When B contracts it is called an .agonist... and T relaxes and
is called an ....antagonist................................
(vi) When T contracts it is an ....agonist.................and B is then
the ...antagonist.............................................
10. What is the purpose of :
(i) Fixator Muscles
These are muscles that stabilize a bone to give a steady base from which the agonist
works. For the biceps and triceps to flex and extend the elbow joint, muscles around the
shoulder and upper back control the position of the arm.
(ii) Synergists
The term refers to muscles on the same side of a joint that work together to perform the
same movement. These provide a supporting role, such as initiating a movement or
assisting a bigger muscle. An example of this is flexing the elbow. The biceps actually
work synergistically with the brachialis muscle that lies underneath.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1B(ii) Muscular System - Part II
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11. (i) Explain the significance of levers and their relation to muscle movement.
Body movements employ the mechanical principles of applying a force to one part of a
rigid lever, which tilts at a pivot point (fulcrum) to move a weight (load) that is elsewhere
on the lever.
The muscles apply force, bones serve as levers, and the joints function as fulcrums.
The various lever systems in the body allow a wide range of movement as well as making
it possible to lift and carry things.
(iii) Briefly describe the three types of lever.
First Class Lever.
The fulcrum is positioned between the force and the load, like a see-saw. An example of
this type of lever in the body is seen in the posterior neck muscles that tilt back the head
on the cervical vertebrae.
Second Class Lever.
The load that lies between the force and the fulcrum.
Standing on tip-toe, the calf muscles provide the force, the heel and the foot form the
lever, and the toes provide the fulcrum.
Third Class Lever.
The most common type of lever in the body; the force is applied between the load and the
fulcrum.
An example is flexing the elbow joint (fulcrum) by contracting the biceps brachii muscle.
(iv) Give three examples of postures and identify how they each utilise leverage relate this to (ii) above.
First Class Lever: Ustrasana (Camel Pose) would use this type of lever to help tilt the
head back.
Second Class Lever: Modification on Upavesasana (Squat) where you go onto tip-toe
and then slowly squat down remaining on tip-toe.
Third Class Lever: The uppermost arm in Gomukhasana (Cow-Faced Pose) would be
one example of this type of lever. The elbow joint is flexed by contracting the bicep
muscle.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1B(ii) Muscular System - Part II
12.
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8
Explain the varying need for muscle strength in isotonic and isometric movement.
For example, holding your arms up in isometric movement still needs strength :
(i) Isotonic (concentric and eccentric)
Isotonic movements mean that the muscle is either contracting and shortening
(concentric) or contracting and extending (eccentric).
As the muscle contracts, its length changes whilst the tension remains constant or
develops to overcome the opposing force i.e. pushing an object over or lifting a glass of
water to your mouth and lowering it back to the table.
(ii) Isometric
Isometric contractions are the ones when the muscles length does not change, whilst the
tension increases in an attempt to overcome the opposing force e.g. pushing against an
object that is too heavy to move (such as a wall) or holding a glass of water still in front of
you.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Paul Wigley
Name: …………………….…………………………
Date: …………………………………………………
Tutor assessed:
BWY Diploma Course Unit 1
W.1.1C - The Cardiovascular System
1.
Give a brief summary of the circulatory system.
The cardiovascular system is the body’s transport system, composed of the blood, heart
and the arteries and veins. It refers to the two main systems: the pulmonary circulatory
system and the systemic circulatory system.
2.
What is the function of the system, i.e. what does it do?
In brief, blood is pumped from the heart around the body through a transport system of
arteries and veins. It distributes oxygen and essential nutrients to the whole body as well
as removing potentially damaging waste products and carbon dioxide.
3.
The structure of blood.
A fluid connective tissue made up of plasma and cells. An adult bodies contain
approximately 4 -5 litres whereas a newborn baby has only 300millilitres. It is alkaline
(pH7.4).
(a) Briefly describe plasma
Plasma makes up 55% of blood volume. It is a slightly thick, straw-coloured fluid.
It is mostly water (90 – 92%) and the rest is plasma proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
and prothrombin).
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1C - Cardio-vascular System
3(b)
3. List the essential substances blood transports
Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones &
enzymes around the body.
Transports Carbon dioxide and waste
materials from the body to the organs of
excretion.
(c) Briefly discuss the function of red blood cells
The function of red blood vessels
(erythrocytes) is to transport the gases of
respiration (they transport oxygen to the cells
and carry carbon dioxide away from the cells).
(d) Briefly discuss the function white blood cells
The main function of white blood cells (leucocytes)
is to protect the body from infection and disease in
a process known as phagocytosis, which means to
engulf and ingest microbes, dead cells and tissue.
(e) Briefly discuss the function of blood platelets
Blood platelets (thrombocytes) are very significant in
the blood clotting process as they initiate the chemical
reaction that leads to the formation of a blood clot.
Platelets stop the loss of blood from a damaged blood
vessel in the following way:
Platelets gather where a blood vessel is injured and
red cells are flowing out.
The first platelets to arrive form a plug across the
opening and release chemicals that convert fibrinogen
(a coagulation factor) to fibrin.
Fibrin forms a mesh of needlelike fibers that trap
platelets and other blood cells, creating an insoluble
clot.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
2
W.1.1C - Cardio-vascular System
4.
__
3
The Structure of the Heart
Please label this diagram :
Superior Vena
Cava
Aortic Arch
Aorta
Pulmonary
Arteries
Right Atrium
Pulmonary
Veins
Left Ventricle
Right
Ventricle
Inferior
Vena Cava
5.
Descending
Aorta
Explain the part the heartbeat plays in driving blood around the circulatory system.
The heartbeat or cardiac cycle is the pattern of muscular contractions of the heart
wall:
 Both the atria contract, forcing their contents into the ventricles.
 The atria relax but the ventricles contract, emptying their contents into the
arteries.
 The ventricles relax and the heart is at rest
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1C - Cardio-vascular System
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4
6. What information does a nurse obtain when feeling your pulse?
The number of times the heart beats in one minute is known as the heart rate.
When you feel your pulse this what you are feeling, the rate at which your heart is
pumping blood through your circulatory system.
Since the pulse varies with the heart rate, the pulse is taken to check if a heart is
beating normally.
7. Pulmonary and systemic circulation
Using blue and red, annotate, colour and draw arrows on the following diagram to show
the flow of blood through the heart.
Deoxygenated blood
enters the heart
Oxygenated blood
exits heart
Deoxygenated blood
exits heart to
lungs
Oxygenated blood
enters atrium from
lungs
Deoxygenated blood
enters the heart
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1C - Cardio-vascular System
____
5
8. Systemic and portal circulation
Draw your own symbolised and coloured arteries, veins and arrows between the following
organs of the body to show how the human circulatory system works.
9. What is the coronary circulation?
The heart is of course a muscle which needs the benefits of circulation like every
other muscle and organ in the body. It has it’s own circulatory system called
Coronary Circulation. Right and left coronary arteries leave the beginning of the
aorta and branch within the heart wall to form a network of capillaries to feed the
tissue cells.
The blood is then collected back into the coronary veins, which empty into the right
atrium of the heart
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W.1.1C - Cardio-vascular System
6
10. Briefly describe the structure and function of:
(a) Arteries and Arterioles
Arteries are thick walled hollow tubes; they all have the same basic construction
 A Fibrous outer covering
 A middle layer of muscle and elastic tissue
 An endothelial layer made of squamous epithelial tissue
Function: Systemic arteries carry the oxygenated blood from the heart to the body, the
pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Arterioles in structure they are smaller versions of arteries; they have a similar structure
though the middle layer of the walls is mainly muscle tissue with less elastic tissue that
arteries.
Function: when more oxygen and nutrients are required by an active organ, the arterioles
relax and dilate to increase blood supply to it (e.g. muscles during exercise, the stomach and
intestines after eating and the skin when the body temperature rises). They contract when
the organ is at rest
(b) Capillaries
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. Their walls are one cell thick i.e. microscopic and
porous, thus allowing the passage of gases (like oxygen and carbon dioxide) and nutrients. A
large amount of water, plus solutions dissolve in it, filters out through the capillary walls and
bathes the body tissues. This liquid is called interstitial fluid. It carries food, vitamins, mineral
salts and hormones out to the tissues and collects waste products, especially carbon dioxide and
urea, from them. Most of the fluid ten returns to the capillaries before they join up to become
venules.
Function: to distribute essential oxygen and nutrients to most parts of the body. Capillaries
supply every part of the body except the deep brain, the hyaline cartilage and the epidermis.
(c) Veins and Venules
Veins have three-layered walls and though the basic structure is similar to that of arteries, their
walls are much thinner and the lumen is much larger. They vary in size, the largest being the
venae cavae (from the body to the heart) and the pulmonary vein (from the lungs to the heart).
The action of skeletal muscles pushes blood through the vessels. Valves in the endothelial layer
of the veins prevent a back flow of blood. Blood pressure in the veins is very low so these
valves are essential.
Function: Systemic veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. Pulmonary veins carry
oxygenated blood to the heart.
Venules are small veins. These have a thin wall with a large lumen (the passage in the center in
which the blood travels). They are easily collapsed under pressure.
Function: They carry deoxygenated blood from the capillaries the larger veins.
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W.1.1C - Cardio-vascular System
_____
7
11. What is blood pressure?
Blood pressure is the force that the blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels as it is
transmitted from the heart. Without blood pressure blood would not move at all. Blood is
always under pressure but the amount of pressure varies in different types of blood vessels:
High blood pressure in the arteries gradually becomes lower in the capillaries and veins. In
the large veins approaching the heart there is a negative pressure. The heartbeat also affects
blood pressure: when the ventricle is contracting it is high, when the ventricle is dilating it is
low.
(a) Explain the systolic figure
The blood pressure when the heart is contracting. It is specifically the maximum arterial pressure
during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. The time at which ventricular contraction
occurs is called systole.
In a blood pressure reading, the systolic pressure is typically the first number recorded. For
example, with a blood pressure of 120/80 ("120 over 80"), the systolic pressure is 120. By "120"
is meant 120 mm Hg (millimetres of mercury).
(b) Explain the diastolic figure
The blood pressure when the heart is relaxing (dilating) pressure reaches its lowest level.
In a blood pressure reading, the diastolic pressure is typically the second number recorded. For
example, with a blood pressure of 100/70 ("100 over 70"), the diastolic pressure is 80. By "80" is
meant 80 mm Hg (millimetres of mercury).
12. What is hypertension, and why is it a cause for concern?
High blood pressure is when the resting blood pressure is above normal. The World
Health Organization defines high blood pressure as consistently exceeding 160mmHg
systolic and 95mmHg diastolic. High blood pressure is a common complaint and, if
serious may result in a stroke or a heart attack, due to the fact that the hart is made to
work harder to force blood through the system.
Causes of high blood pressure include: Smoking, obesity, lack of regular exercise, eating
too much salt, excessive alcohol consumption, and too much stress.
13. What is hypotension, and why is it a cause for concern?
Low blood pressure is when the blood pressure is below normal and is defined by the World
Health Organization as a systolic blood pressure of 99mmHg or less and a diastolic of less than
59mmHg. Low blood pressure may be normal for some people in good health, during rest and
after fatigue. The danger with low blood pressure is an insufficient supply of blood reaching the
vital centres of the brain. Treatment may be by medication, if necessary.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Paul Wigley
Name: …………………….…………………………
Date: …………………………………………………
Tutor assessed:
BWY Diploma Course Unit 1
W.1.1D The Respiratory System and the Mechanics of Breathing
1. Give a very brief summary of the respiratory system.
The respiratory system consists of the nose, nasopharyns, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi and lungs, which provide the passageway for air in and out of the body.
Similar to the digestive system it takes substances from outside the body (gases,
particularly oxygen), circulates them through the body to cells and tissues, and then
excretes the excess and waste. Oxygen is the respiratory system’s ‘food’ and carbon
dioxide is its ‘waste’. Breathing is the most fundamental action of the human body: we
cannot live without it for more than a couple of minutes.
Our reparatory system serves us in many ways, exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide,
detecting smell, producing speech and regulating pH.
2. (a) Structure of the Respiratory System
[Please label this diagram]
Nasal Cavity
Naso-Pharynx
Hard palate
Epiglottis
Larynx
Oesophagus
Trachea
Left Lung
Right Lung
Heart
Ribs
Diaphragm
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Pleural
Membrane
s
Alveoli
Alveolus
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1D - Respiratory System
2
2. (b) Write a very brief description of the structure and function of the following:
Nose
The nose is divided into the right and left cavities. It is lined with tiny hairs called cilia,
which begin to filter the incoming air, and mucous membrane, which secretes a sticky fluid
called mucus to prevent dust and bacteria from entering the lungs. The nose moistens,
warms and filters the air and is an organ, which senses smell.
Pharynx
The Pharynx or throat is a large muscular tube lined with mucous membrane, which lies
behind the mouth and between the nasal cavity and the larynx. The tonsils are found at
the back of the pharynx. The pharynx serves as an air and food passage, but cannot be
used for both purposes at the same time, otherwise choking would result. The air is also
warmed and moistened further as it passes through the pharynx.
Larynx
The larynx (voice box) is a short passage connecting the pharynx to the trachea. The
larynx is a box like cavity with rigid walls, which contain the vocal cords and stiff pieces of
cartilage, such as the Adam’s apple, which prevent collapse and obstruction of the airway.
The vocal cords are bands of elastic ligaments that are attached to the rigid cartilage of
the larynx by skeletal muscle. When air passes over the vocal cords they vibrate and
produce sound. The opening into the larynx from the pharynx is called the glottis. During
the process of swallowing, the glottis is covered by a flap of tissue called the epiglottis,
which prevents food from ‘going down the wrong way’. The larynx provides a passageway
for air between the pharynx and the trachea.
Trachea
T he trachea or windpipe is a tube anterior to the oesophagus and extends from the larynx
to the upper chest. It is composed of smooth muscle and up to 20 C-shaped rings of
cartilage, which serve a dual purpose. The incomplete section of the rings allows the
oesophagus to expand into the trachea when food bolus is swallowed and the rings help
to keep the trachea permanently open. The trachea passes down into the thorax and
connects the larynx with the bronchi, which pass into the lungs.
Bronchi
The bronchi are two short tubes, similar in structure to the trachea, which lead to and carry
air into each lung. They are lined with mucous membrane and ciliated cells and, like the
trachea, contain cartilage to hold them open. The mucous traps solid particles and the
cilia move them upwards, preventing dirt from entering the delicate lung tissue.
Bronchioles
The bronchi subdivide into bronchioles in the lung, the final and finest tubes in the
passage of air from the nose to the lungs. Made of muscular, fibrous and elastic tissue,
they become progressively smaller as they spread further into the lungs until they are no
more than a single layer of flattened epithelial cells (just like blood capillaries). These
microscopic tubes are called terminal bronchioles.
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W.1.1D - Respiratory System
3
Lungs
The lungs are the centers of the respiratory system. Tthese two spongy organs facilitate
the exchange of the gases and carbon dioxide that enter and exit the blood. The lungs are
paired, cone-shaped, spongy organs situated in the thoracic cavity on either side of the
heart. The left lung has two lobes, the superior and the inferior; the right lung has three
lobes, the superior, middle and inferior. The right is thicker and broader than the left, as
the diaphragm is higher on the right side to accommodate the liver which lies below it.
Lung tissue is made of bronchioles, alveoli, blood vessels, nerves, connective tissue and
elastic tissue. They are covered in a special membrane called the pleura.
Pleural Membrane
The pleural membrane surrounds each lung. It has two layers, the inner, visceral layer
which sticks to the lung tissue and covers the surface of the outer, parietal layer which
sticks to the chest wall and the top of the diaphragm. The two layers are separated by a
space called the pleural cavity, which is filled with a serous fluid.
Alveoli
The exchange of gases in the lung takes place in tiny sacs called alveoli (singular:
alveolus) at the end of the terminal bronchioles. Made of a thin layer of squamous
epithelial cells and surrounded by a capillary network, the function of the alveoli is to
exchange gases between the circulatory and respiratory systems. The pulmonary artery
delivers deoxygenated blood to the capillary network, which is then oxygenated by contact
with the air in the alveoli. The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs via the capillary
network and the pulmonary veins and travels to the heart to be pumped around the body.
Diaphragm
This is the chief muscle of respiration and is a dome-shaped, muscular partition that
separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Made of a sheet of tendon with
muscle fibres towards the edges it has three origins – posterior, lateral and anterior.
During contraction the diaphragm is pulled down, creating a vacuum in the chest cavity
(air pressure is lower inside the body than outside), which sucks air into the lungs. When
the diaphragm relaxes it becomes a dome shape and pushes up into the chest cavity, thus
reducing the cavity’s size and volume and increasing the pressure. Air rushes out because
the pressure is lower outside.
Intercostal muscles
These are the muscles between the ribs and aid the diaphragm in respiration. During
inspiration the external intercostal muscles contract t the same time as the diaphragm,
lifting the rib cage up and outwards. The flattened and lowered diaphragm and the raised
ribs cause an increase in the size of the chest cavity. During expiration, the external
intercostals relax allowing the ribs to fall down and inwards, helping to decrease the size
of the chest cavity. Nerve impulses delivered by the intercostal nerves tell the muscles
when to contract and relax.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1D - Respiratory System
4
3. Using the diagram below show the process that oxygen makes between the nose and
the lungs.
Label each of the links in this
chain to show oxygen's route
around the body.
Label this chain to show how
carbon dioxide is removed
during expiration.
NOSE
NOSE
Pharynx
Pharynx
Larynx
Larynx
Trachea
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Alveoli
Pulmonary Vein
Pulmonary Vein
Aorta
Inferior/ superior
Vena Cava
Arteries
Veins (venule)
Capillary Bed
CELLS OF THE Body
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Capillary Bed
CELLS OF THE Body
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1D - Respiratory System
5
4. (i) Annotate, colour and draw arrows on the following diagrams indicating the
mechanics of breathing.
Inhalation
Ribs raised by
external
intercostals
muscles
contracting
Air
Enters
lungs
Lung
Inflates
Diaphragm flattens and
lowers
Exhalation
Ribs lowered by
external
Intercostal
muscles relaxing
Lung
Deflates
Diaphragm relaxes and
moves up
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
Air
Leaves
Lungs
W.1.1D - Respiratory System
6
(ii) Write a brief summary to show that you understand the mechanics of breathing.
The mechanics of breathing is the means by which air is drawn in and out of the lungs. It
is an active process where the muscles of respiration contract to increase the volume of
the thoracic cavity. Air is moved in and out of the lungs by the combined action of the
diaphragm and the intercostals muscles.
The major muscle of respiration is the diaphragm. During inspiration the dome shaped
diaphragm contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. It is
responsible for 75% of air movement into the lungs. The external intercostals muscles are
also involved in respiration, and on contraction they increase the depth of the thoracic
cavity by pulling the ribs upwards and outwards. They are responsible for bringing
approximately 25% of the volume of air into the lungs. The combined contraction of the
diaphragm and the external intercostals increases the thoracic cavity, which then
decreases the pressure inside the thorax so that air from outside the body enters the
lungs. Other accessory muscles, which assist in inspiration, include the steromastoid,
serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, pectoralis major and the scalene muscles in the neck.
During normal respiration the process of expiration is passive and is brought about by the
relation of the diaphragm and the external intercostals muscles, along with the elastic
recoil of the lungs. This increases the internal pressure inside the thorax so that air is
pushed out of the lungs.
5. How much oxygen and carbon dioxide is there:
(a)
in the air we breathe in? 21% oxygen and 0.04% carbon dioxide
(b)
in the air we breathe out? 15% oxygen and 4% carbon dioxide.
Thus the air we exhale contains 100 times more carbon dioxide and 6% less oxygen than
the air we inhale.
6. Briefly explain how the body knows when to breathe (e.g. the brain's role in breathing)
Two centres of the brain are involved, the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata
and the pons varolli.
The respiratory centre stimulates inspiration and controls the depth of breathing and
its regularity.
The pons varolli stops inspiration thus provoking expiration. When the respiratory
centre tells the diaphragm to contract, air is sucked into the lungs, stimulating nerve
cells called stretch receptors found in the lung tissue. These receptors send impulses
to the diaphragm telling it to relax, thus provoking expiration.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
7. Describe internal respiration, using your own words and/or diagrams.
Internal respiration is the diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the body cells, and of
carbon dioxide from the body cells to the blood. Once blood has been oxygenated n the
lungs it travels back to the heart and is then pumped around the body. When blood
reaches the various cells of the body, oxygen is again transferred by diffusion: the
pressure of the oxygen in the blood is high whereas the pressure in the cells is low, so the
oxygen passes into the cells. The amount of oxygen delivered to the cell depends on how
busy the cell is. For example, more oxygen will be delivered to a cell when it is exercising
than when it is resting. The blood delivers its oxygen and collects the carbon dioxide
(pressure in the blood is lower than in the cells so the carbon dioxide passes into the
blood), carrying it back to the lungs where it will be delivered to the alveoli and the
exhaled.
8. Describe external respiration, using your own words and/or diagrams.
This refers to the gas exchange in the lungs between the blood and air in the alveoli that
came from the external environment. The respiration process is as follows:





During inhalation oxygen is taken in through the nose and mouth. It flows along the
trachea and bronchial tubes to the alveoli of the lungs, where it diffuses through the
thin film of moisture lining the alveoli.
Oxygen differs from the air inside the alveoli, across the alveolar walls and into the
blood capillaries. The oxygen binds to the haemoglobin inside erythrocytes and is
transported to the cells throughout the body.
Carbon dioxide is transported by the blood in the opposite direction from the cells of
the body to the capillaries attached to the alveoli.
The carbon dioxide then diffuses from the blood, across the alveolar walls, into the
air inside the alveoli, which will then be exhaled through the nose and mouth.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange across the wall of the alveoli at the same
time.
9. Give a brief summary to show your understanding of this interrelationship.
Respiratory system links to:
Circulatory: the circulation transports oxygen from the respiratory system to every cell of the body
and transports carbon dioxide to the respiratory system to be exhaled.
Nervous: respiration is closely controlled by the nervous system, which indicates when inhalation
or exhalation should happen. Chemoreceptors in the main arteries stimulate the nervous
response of the respiratory system to begin the process of inhaling oxygen when required.
Muscular: the Intercostal muscles and the diaphragm are fundamental to the process of
respiration.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
TICK
JOINTS
MUSCLES
UTHITTA TRIKONASANA
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
TUTOR ASSESSED
TICK
JOINTS
MUSCLES
DWI PADA PEETHAM
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
TUTOR ASSESSED
TICK
JOINTS
MUSCLES
ADHO MUKHA SVANASANA
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
TUTOR ASSESSED
TICK
JOINTS
MUSCLES
PASCHIMOTTANASANA
Erector Spinae
Gluteus
Maximus
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
TUTOR ASSESSED
TICK
JOINTS
MUSCLES
SIMPLE SEATED TWIST
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
TUTOR ASSESSED
TICK
JOINTS
MUSCLES
VRKSASANA
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
TUTOR ASSESSED
Paul Wigley
Name: …………………….…………………………
Date: ………………………………………………..
Tutor assessed:
BWY Diploma Course Unit 1
W.1.1E - The Kinesiology of Yoga Postures
12. Using two of the posture illustrations (blanks) shown below and on page 2:
(i)
Label the joints being used when holding the posture and show how
they are working.
(ii) Label the main muscles being used to hold the posture and show how
they are working.
Note : full-size blanks will be provided by your course tutor :
TRIKONASANA
DWI PADA PEETHAM
N.B: These are examples of postures to help facilitate analysis and represent muscle/joint action. They
are not intended as prescriptive.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
W.1.1E -
Kinesiology of Yoga Postures _____________________
ADHO MUKHA SVANASANA
SIMPLE SEATED TWIST
2
PASCHIMOTTANASANA
VRKSASANA
N.B: These are examples of postures to help facilitate analysis and represent muscle/joint action. They
are not intended as prescriptive.
Paul Wigley, Oct 09
References
(list here the books and resources you used to complete the worksheets).
http://www.patient.co.uk/health/High-Blood-Pressure-(Hypertension).htm
www.a2zyoga.com Drawings of asanas
Paul Wigley, Oct 09