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AP Physics C First Semester Review of EVERYTHING I learned KINEMATICS: The general relationship between position, velocity, and acceleration: o I can analyze x vs. t, v vs. t, and a vs. t graphs o Given one equation (x, v or a), I can find the other 3. I know 4 main kinematics equations: Students should know how to deal with situations in which acceleration is a function of velocity and time and write an appropriate differential equation and solve it for v(t), for example: A vector is: o The rules for adding vectors: o I know how to find a resultant vector: I know how to use my 4 kinematics equations to solve problems in 2 dimensions: o My main “projectile” formulas: o Velocity in x-direction vs. Velocity in y-direction: o Basic picture of a projectile with velocity and acceleration vectors: Given functions of x(t) and y(t), I can determine the components, magnitude and direction of the particle’s velocity and acceleration. DYNAMICS/NEWTON’S LAWS Newton’s Three Laws: o 1st – o 2nd – o 3rd – Net force means: If there is NO NET FORCE on an object, then the object is doing 1 of 2 things: o The object is o Or the object is I can draw a well-labeled for body diagram, for example: I know the steps for solving… o Hanging stop light questions: o Pulley questions: o Pulley on Table questions: o Pulley on Ramp questions: When I sum my forces, I know that I can set them equal to 1 of 2 things: o = o = Friction is: o 2 types of friction: o What the coefficient of friction means: o Formula for Frictional force: o I can figure out when an object will start to slip, for example: Terminal Velocity is: o I can calculate terminal velocity, for example: o I can describe with graphs or words the acceleration, velocity and displacement of a particle reaching terminal velocity after falling or being projected, for example: o I can use Newton’s 2nd Law to write a differential equation for the velocity of the object as a function of time: o I can derive an expression for the acceleration of the object as a function of time (under the influence of drag forces): Action-Reaction Pairs are: A great picture for remembering equal and opposite forces is: WORK, ENERGY & POWER Work is: o Work is positive when: o Work is negative when: o Work is zero when: o Formula for Work: I can calculate work from a graph. I can use integration to calculate the work performed by a force F(x) on an object that undergoes a specified displacement in one dimension: Work-Energy Theorem is: o Example problem: o I know that I have to find the _________________ on an object before finding the NET WORK done on an object. o If I want to find the work done by a specific force, I use that force in the work equation. Example: o I can figure out the stopping distance needed for an object using the Work-Energy Theorem. Example: o If an object is moving at a CONSTANT VELOCITY, then the NET WORK is __________. BUT, work is still done on the object by the individual forces, for example: More formulas for this chapter: o Work o Kinetic Energy o Gravitational Potential Energy o Elastic Potential Energy o Hooke’s Law A Conservative Force is: o Examples of Conservative forces: o Examples of Non-Conservative forces: The relationship between force and potential energy is: o Potential energy can be associated only with conservative forces because: o I can calculate a potential energy function associated with a one-dimensional force F(x) o I can calculate the magnitude and direction of a one-dimensional force when given the potential energy function U(x) for the force. Law of Conservation of Energy: o I can use conservation of energy in situations such as: Atwood’s machine Pendulums Mass-Spring systems Objects that slide and compress springs I can state and apply the relation between the work performed on an object by nonconservative forces and the change in an object’s mechanical energy, for example: I can apply conservation of energy when objects are under the influence of non-constant onedimensional forces, for example: Power is: o 4 Formulas for power: o When a person is lifting themselves up (as in going up a flight of stairs), the force I use in the power equation is _________________________. o When calculating the power needed to lift something up, the force I use in the power equation is________________________. o When I calculate AVERAGE POWER, then I need to use AVERAGE VELOCITY. Formula for Center of Mass: o Example problems: o Use integration to find the center of mass of a thin rod of non-uniform density: LINEAR MOMENTUM Formulas: o Momentum: o Impulse: o Impulse-Momentum Theorem: o Conservation of Momentum: I can use graphs to solve momentum questions, for example: 2 types of collisions are: o ___________________ After colliding, the objects _______________________ Momentum is _______________________ Kinetic Energy is _____________________ o ___________________ After colliding, the objects _______________________ Momentum is ______________________ Kinetic Energy is _____________________ I can find the loss of energy in a collision by: The relationship between linear momentum and center-of-mass motion for a system of particles is: I can calculate the change in momentum of an object given a function F(t) for the net force acting on the object: I can calculate conservation of momentum questions in one- and two-dimensions, for example: Newton’s Third Law and Conservation of Linear Momentum relate to each other because: Frame of Reference: I can solve frame of reference problems, for example: CIRCULAR MOTION & ROTATION Uniform Circular Motion means: Since speed = distance/time, I can find an object’s speed moving in a circle simply by Formula for Centripetal Acceleration: If asked to draw vectors (force, acceleration, velocity) on ANY circular example: I can identify graphs of an objects velocity or acceleration vs. time during circular motion: Centripetal Force is: o I will NEVER say _____________________________________. o I know that there is NOT _________________________________________________. o Formula for Centripetal force: o I know that Centripetal force will be set equal to some other force, for example: Torque is: o Formula for torque: o Direction of torque: o Translational Equilibrium = o Rotational Equilibrium = o I can solve problems with torque, for example: Rotational Inertia is: o I can figure out which object has the greatest rotational inertia: o I can figure out the change in rotational inertia of an object after increasing a dimension: o I can calculate the rotational inertia of: A collection of point masses A thin rod of uniform density about an arbitrary perpendicular axis A thin cylindrical shell about it’s axis o Parallel-Axis Theorem: Example problem: Angular analogs for linear variables: Right-Hand Rule: Rotational Dynamics Formulas: Rotational Dynamics Example problems: Massive Pulley problems: Total Kinetic Energy of an object Rolling with Slipping Conservation of Angular Momentum: o Formula: o Example Problem: Relation between net external torque and angular momentum o When is angular momentum conserved? GRAVITATION Universal Law of Gravitation Formula: I can calculate the gravitational force that one object exerts on another, for example: o I know that the force that these objects exert on each other is ___________________. I know that the motion of a circular orbit DOES NOT DEPEND on _______________________. o For orbit questions, I will most likely have to: o Example: o Kepler’s Three Laws: o Use angular momentum conservation and energy conservation to relate speeds at different extremes of an elliptical orbit