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Chapter 16 The Civil War (1861-1865) Section
3 Life During the War
Life at Home
•Many teenagers served in the military
•Left family, friends, and school
•Schools closed during the war in some areas
•Especially were battles were
•Schools and churches served as hospitals for
the wounded
Shortages in the South
•Life in the South changed dramatically
•Both armies were in the South, therefore the
South suffered the greatest destruction
•Families lost their homes and crops because of
soldiers
•The South depended on the outside world “for
everything from a hairpin to a toothpick, a from
a cradle to a coffin”
•As the war went on, shortages of food,
supplies, and even household items became
common
Treating the Sick and Wounded
•1000s of women served as nurses
•Many believed that nursing was for men, and it
was improper for women to tend to the bodies
of unknown men
•Strong minded women disregarded these
objections
•Mary Edwards Walker became the first
woman army surgeon and later won the
Congressional Medal of Honor
•Dorothea Dix convinced officials to allow
women to work as nurses and also recruited
women to serve
•Clara Barton worked with wounded soldiers
•Sally Thompson established a hospital for
soldiers in Richmond, Virginia
Spies
•Women also served as spies
•For both sides
•Belle Boyd informed Confederate generals of
Union army movements
•Some women disguised themselves as men and
became soldiers
•Loretta Janeta Velazquez fought for the South
at the 1st Bull Run and Shiloh
•Velazquez later became a spy
•Harriet Tubman served as a spy and scout for
the Union
In the Hands of the Enemy
•Both sides had prison camps
•Prisoners could keep a blanket and a cup
•Volunteers distributed bread and soup
•Food shortages led to soldiers getting little or
no food
•Andersonville prison, in Georgia, was
overcrowded and many died (mostly from
disease)
•Union prison camps (like Elmira, New York)
were no better
Field Hospitals
•Hospitals were set up by battlefields
•Doctors struggled to care for all the wounded
•Diseases often killed more soldiers than battle
•Soldiers were crowded together and drank
unsanitary water
•Smallpox, dysentery, typhoid, and pneumonia
were very dangerous
In the South
•Many Southerners opposed the war
•After 2 year, the war had taken huge amounts
of food, materials, and money
•Bread riots erupted in the South because of
hungry people
•A mob, of mostly women and children, met in
Richmond for a peaceful protest
•Soon they started smashing shop windows and
stealing food
In the North
•People in the North also opposed the war
(Democratic Party)
•The Democratic Party split into the War
Democrats and the Peace Democrats
•War Democrats were critical of how the
Republicans ran the war
•The Peace Democrats wanted an immediate
end to fighting
•The Peace Democrats were seen by some as
traitors and called Copperheads
Jail Without Trial
•To deal with war opponents in the North,
•The North had greater resources, an was able
Lincoln suspended habeas corpus
•People could be put in jail without a trial
•The Constitution provides that habeas corpus
can be suspended only “when in cases or
rebellion or invasion, the public safety may
require it”
•1000s were put in jail
•When people spoke out against the suspension,
they were labeled treasonous Copperheads
•In the South, Jefferson Davis also suspended
Habeas Corpus
Draft Laws- The South
•Both sides had trouble recruiting troops
•1862- Confederate Congress passed a draft
law
•Required able-bodied white men between 18
and 35 had to serve for 3 years
•Later changed to age 17 to 50
•A man could also hire a substitute to serve for
him
•Later, if a man had more than 20 slaves, he did
not have to serve
Draft Laws- In the North
•The North offered a bounty for volunteers (at
first)
•March 1863- The Union also passed a draft
law
•All men 20 to 45 had to register
•They too could hire a substitute or could pay
$300
•People in the North and South complained it
was “a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”
Draft Laws
•Antidraft feelings led to riots
•New York City: July 1863- members of the
working class (Many Irish immigrants) attacked
government and military buildings
•The attacked African Americans
•Many white workers opposed the
Emancipation Proclamation fearing loss of jobs
•After four days of terror, more than 100 were
dead
•Federal troops had to stop the riots
Economic Effects
•The economies of both were strained
to cope better with the cost of the war
•The two governments paid for the war in three
ways
•1. Sold bonds promising high interest
•2. Imposed new taxes, including income taxes
•3. Printed money
•Northern money was called greenbacks
because of its color
The North Prospers
•Northern industry prospered from the war
•They produced guns, ammunition, shoes, and
uniforms
•Farmers sold crops to supply food for the
troops
•However prices rose faster than wages because
goods were in high demand
•This inflation caused a great hardship for
working people
•Still, the Northern economy boomed during the
war years
Economic Troubles in the South
•In the South, the war destroyed farmland and
railroad lines
•The blockade prevented the shipping of trade
goods
•Vital materials could not reach the
Confederates
•Salt was so desperately needed that women
scraped the floors of smokehouses to remove it
•Food shortages led to riots
•Inflation was worse in the South
Essential Question
What social, political, and economic changes
resulted from the war?
- Social- Women’s roles changed during
the was as they had more opportunity
and responsibility
- Political- There were many political
disagreements in the North and South
over the war and the economy
- Economic- The war was expensive for
the North and South, and both sides had
to try to raise money to pay for the war,
as well as establish new policies for
keeping the economy going