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The Chloroplast
The chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis occurs in
photosynthetic eukaryotes. The organelle is surrounded by a double
membrane. Inside the inner membrane is a complex mix of enzymes and
water. This is called stroma and is important as the site of the light
independent reactions; more properly called the Calvin cycle.
Embedded in the stroma is a complex network of stacked sacs. Each
stack is called a granum and each of the flattened sacs, which make up the
granum is called a thylakoid. Each thylakoid has a series of photosystems
and associated proteins. The photosystems contain chlorophyll and other
pigments and all these associated structures in the thylakoid membrane are
the site for the light reactions in which light energy is converted to
chemical energy needed for the Calvin cycle in the light independent
reactions.
As the light reactions proceed, the inside of the thylakoid develops a
high concentration of hydrogen ions, and this is important for the production
of ATP by the chloroplast. ATP is the form of energy used to power most
cellular processes.
By the way, chloroplasts and related organelles, called plastids are
believed to have arisen as free-living bacteria that became symbiotic with
the ancestors of photosynthetic eukaryotes.
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Name:___________________________ Date:_______________ Pd:___
Assignment
Read the description of a chloroplast and answer the following
questions:
1. Describe the structure of a chloroplast naming at least four of its parts.
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2.
Is a chloroplast a plastid? ____________
3. Where are chloroplasts believed to have come from?
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4.
What is another name for the Calvin cycle? ______________________
5.
Where do the light reactions take place? ________________________
6.
Where does the Calvin cycle take place? ________________________
7.
Of what do granum consist? _________________________________
What is one of the main pigments found in the thylakoid membrane and
what is its function?
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8.
9. What is the stroma?
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10. What is ATP and during what process is it produced?
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