Download Ch. 40 GN - Jamestown Public Schools

Mrs. Melquist
Guided Notes
Unit 10 The Human Body
Ch. 40 The Immune System & Disease
Infectious Disease
- Disease – any ___________, other than an __________, that disrupts ______________
- Some ______________ are produced by agents like: ____________, viruses, & _______
Pathogens
- Pathogens - __________________ agents
- ____________ caused by ______________ are generally _______________ disease
The Germ Theory of Disease
- For thousands of _______, people believed that ____________ were caused by _________,
evil ___________, or night ___________
- Chemist, Louis ____________ & bacteriologist, Robert ________, concluded that
____________ were caused by different types of _________________, called ________
Koch’s Postulates
- 1. The _______________ should always be found in the _______ of a ______ organism, not
in a ___________ one
- 2. The _______________ must be _______________ & __________ in the ______ in
pure _____________
- 3. When the cultured ______________ are placed in a new _______, they should cause the
same ___________ that _____________ the original ______
- 4. The _______________ pathogen should be isolated from the second _______. It should
be _____________ to the original ______________
Agents of Disease
- Some ___________, including _________ & some _________, destroy _____ as they ______
- Other ___________ release __________ that ________ an ______________
- Still others, especially _______________ worms, produce ______________when they
block the flow of _________, remove _________________ from the ________________
system, & disrupt other ____________ functions
How Diseases Are Spread
- Some _________________ diseases are ___________ from 1 __________ to another
through _______________, sneezing, or _________________ contact
- Other ______________ diseases are ________ through contaminated ______ or _______
- Still others are spread by infected ______________
- Vectors - _____________ that carry _______________ from ______________ to person
Fighting Infectious Diseases
- Antibiotics - _____________ that kill ___________ without harming the _______ of the
__________ or ____________ hosts
The Immune System
- The function of the _____________ system, is to fight ____________ through the
production of _______ that inactivate _____________substances or ________- immunity
- The ____________ system includes __ general categories of ____________ mechanisms:
_________________ & _____________ defenses
Nonspecific Defenses
- ______________ defenses do not ________________ between 1 _________ & another
- These _____________ include _____________ & _____________ barriers
- First Line of Defense:
o The _____________ is to keep _____________ out of the ______
o The role is carried out by ______, mucus, _________, & tears
o Your _________ most important ________________ defense is the _______
- Second Line of Defense:
o If _______________ enter your ________, they ______________ quickly,
releasing _________ into your __________
o When this happens, it ______________ the ___________________ response
o Inflammatory response – a reaction to _________ damage caused by __________ or
_____________
o When ______________ enter the ______, _______________ (white blood cells),
move into the area & __________ (eat) the ______________
o The ____________ system also releases _____________ that _____________ the
core body ________. - _________
o An ______________ body _________ slows down or ________ the __________ of
some ______________
o _________ & increased # of _____ indicates an ______________
o Sometimes, _________________ cells produce a group of ____________ that help
other ________ resist __________ infection
o Interferons – “____________” with the ____________ of ____________; they
___________ the _______________ of viral _____________ in infected ______
& help block viral _________________
Specific Defenses
- If a ______________ gets past the body’s ________________ defenses, the
____________ system reacts with _______________ defenses that _________ the
particular ___________________ agent – Immune response
- Antigen – a substance that ___________ this ____________, includes: ____________,
bacteria, & other _______________
Specific Defenses (cont.)
- __ types of _________________ recognize specific _____________: __ lymphocytes ( __
cells) & __ lymphocytes ( __ cells)
- __ cells provide _____________ against ____________ & _____________ in the body
_______ - Humoral immunity
- __ cells defend against ____________ cells & ____________ inside ________ cells – Cellmediated immunity
- Humoral Immunity:
o When a ____________ invades the _______, it is recognized by __ cells
o These __ cells _________ & ___________ rapidly, producing large ____ of _______
cells & __________ B cells
o _______ cells release _____________
o Antibodies - __________ that recognize & ______ to _________, they are carried
in the _____________ to ________ the _____________ causing the ___________
o Once the _______ has been ___________, memory __ cells remain capable of
producing _______________ specific to that ____________
- Cell-mediated Response:
o __ cells provide ___________ against abnormal ________ & ____________ inside
____________ cells
- Although _________ T cells are helpful in the ___________ system, they make acceptance
of __________ transplants _____________
- Your _____________ system _____________ & ___________ the transplanted _______
- The process is known as ______________
Acquired Immunity
- Vaccination – the _____________ of a ____________ pathogen to produce ___________
- Active immunity - ____________ produced by the body’s ____________ to a __________
- Passive immunity – when ___________ produced by other ____________ are ___________
into the _______________
- Active Immunity:
o It appears after ______________ to an __________, as a result of the
___________ response
o __________ immunity may develop as a result of_____________ exposure to an
___________ ( ____________ an ____________ ) or from deliberate
_____________ to the ___________ (through a ____________)
- Passive Immunity:
o It only lasts a ______ time because eventually, the body _________ the
__________ antibodies
o Like __________ immunity, it may develop ____________ or by _____________
exposure
o 1 kind of____________ immunity occurs when the ___________ passes
___________ to the _______ through the __________, or through breast ______
Immune System Disorders
- There are __ different types of ___________ system disorders: ___________,
autoimmune ___________, & _________________ diseases
Allergies
- Allergies – overreactions of the __________ system to ___________
- Common ____________ include: _________, dust, _______, & _____ stings
- When ________________ antigens enter the ______, they attach themselves to ______
that __________ the _______________ response
- Those _____ release ____________ called ______________
- Histamines - ____________ that ____________ the flow of ________ & ________ to the
surrounding area
- They also increase _________ production, resulting in _____________, _________ eyes,
_________ nose, & other ____________
Asthma
- Asthma – a ________ respiratory __________ where the ____ passages become
___________ than normal
- It causes _____________, coughing, & difficulty in ______________
- _________ attacks can be ____________ by _____________, exercise, _________, etc.
Autoimmune Diseases
- Autoimmune disease – when the ___________ system makes a ___________ &
___________ the body’s ______ cells
- _____________ sclerosis is an example where ______________ destroy the
____________ of the __________ in the ________ & __________ cord
AIDS, an Immunodeficiency Disease
- 1 type of _______________ disease, the __________ system fails to develop __________
- The 2nd type of _________________ disease is _____
- ______ results from a _______ infection (_____) that __________ helper __ cells
- As the __ of __________ T cells declines, the normal ____________ response breaks down
- When a person has _____, they _____ from the _________ to fight off ____________,
like the ____, a ________, etc..
- AIDS - ____________ Immunodeficiency ______________
- HIV - _____________ Immunodeficiency ________ (causes _______)
- There are __ main ways ______ can be transmitted:
o 1. __________ intercourse with an ______________ individual
o 2. Shared __________ or ______________
o 3. Contact with _________ or __________ products
AIDS, an Immunodeficiency Disease (cont.)
o 4. Infected _____________ to ________, during ____________, birth, or
________________
- The only _________ behavior with respect to ____ & _____ is _____________ (no _____)
- At the present ______, there is no _______ for _______
The Environment & Your Health
- Risk Factor - _________ that have _____________ to affect _________ in a
____________ way
- ________________ factors that can affect your __________ include _____ & ________
quality, _______________ wastes in ___________, & exposure to ________ radiation
Air Quality
- Carbon _____________ is found in _______________ exhaust & _____________ smoke
- When carbon _______________ is ___________, it prevents ________________ from
carrying __________
- ______ is a _____________ found in the ____ that can __________ the _______,
kidneys, & ___________ system
- ______ poisoning in _________ & young ____________ can result in slow _________
development
- ___________ is another ______________ that may be carried in the _____
- It was commonly used for _____________, & when ______________, it can cause _______
cancer
Water Quality
- _________ can carry ______________ & ______________ pollutants
- ______________ pollutants, like ___________ & __________ wastes, can contain
___________ or ____________ that cause __________, vomiting, ____________, or
_____________ like ______________ or _____________
- Some ______________ pollutants cause ________ damage
- Others interfere with development of __________ & ___________, causing _______
defects
- Still others can damage ______, causing normal _____ to become ______________
Bioterrorism
- Bioterrorism involves treating ____________ to maximize their _______ to _________ &
cause __________
- _________ is a __________ common in _________________ areas, not
__________________
- The ________ can be ___________ to be __________ in the ____ & __________,
producing a _______ infection
Cancer
- _________ is a _________________ disease where ______ multiply ________________
& destroy ______________ tissue
- Cancer cells are the bodies _______ cells
- Cancer begins when cells _______ & ___________ uncontrollably, resulting in a _________
- Tumor – the formation of a _______ of ___________ tissue
- __________ tumors are ______ cancerous
- ______________ tumors are _____________, & are capable of _____________ &
____________ surrounding __________ tissue
- Cancers are caused by __________ in the ________ that regulate ______ growth &
__________
- The genetic __________ may be ________________, caused by __________, or result
from ______________ in _______ that are produced by ______________, radiation, or
occur __________________
- Carcinogens - ______________ compounds that are known to cause _________ by
triggering ______________ in the ______ of normal ________
- Some of the most _______________ chemical ________________ are found in
____________ smoke
- The best way to fight _________ is by protecting your _____ from agents that cause
_________
- Regular ___________ & a balanced ______, regular ___________, self-_____________,
etc., can all help __________ your ______
Maintaining Health
- To keep your ___________ system working ______________, practice _______________
that reduce your _______________ to _____________ & maintain overall good ________
- _____________ behaviors include eating a __________ diet, ____________, get plenty of
______, abstaining from _____________ activities, & have regular ___________