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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Intro Theory of the universe- better but imperfect 1998 accelerating universe how we're trying to solve the problem how to fix? -> new telescopes. need to see further back and in better detail. the realities of designing these new systems is really only hitting home X telescopes in design TMT, GMT, EELT, SKA, James Webb, XRAY. 7. it is easy to simply think 'build bigger'. but there are significant problems: 8. SKA design descriptions 9. SKA - wide field dark energy 10. lots of problems with our knowledge: list Galaxy formation, extrasolar planets 11. how we're looking for them with Keck 12. GMT, TMT design descriptions. associated problems to be overcome. 13. compare to Magellan. 14. EELT design descriptions, 15. compare to VLT 16. why they are being built. staring at quasars for 20 years. 17. how they'll find out about galaxy formation 18. how they'll find out about extra solar planets 19. SKA and solar planets - all the wavelengths 20. James Webb - design descriptions 21. James Webb - redshifted light - galaxy formation. 22. is this it. There is something afoot in the world of astronomy. Big things are happening. The giants are coming. We have learned so much in 400 years, over time we have slowly built up a deep understanding of the universe. What we once viewed as a serene, static universe, we now see as a dynamic place. but now astronomers are about to build ambitious new telescopes in order to push our understanding further... To understand why, we need to start at the beginning The beginning of the universe. Its tiny, a seething mass of energy so densely packed together that single atoms cannot form. Immense temperatures and pressures exist everywhere. Its our entire universe and its almost infinitely small. The universe is expanding and cooling and doing both very quickly. It isn't expanding into space, before this moment, space did not exist, and now space and time itself is expanding. In a fraction of a second the universe has gone from the size of a proton to the size of a soccer ball. A few minutes into the expansion the temperature has dropped to a mere 1 billion degrees the density of the entire universe is now like the air on earth Now protons and neutrons form into atomic nuclei Talk about matter being connected… even temperatures -> isotropic result 300000 years pass, the expansion continues and eventually the universe cools sufficiently to allow hydrogen and helium nuclei to capture an electron: recombination has occurred. And we enter the dark ages… Hydroen and helium are neutral, photons can travel freely and so the universe is transparent, invisible The universe is smooth, there are barely any difference As time progresses, the perturbations in the dark matter collate and clump due to gravity, attracting more and more material, now galaxies form out of visible, baryonic matter, the gas and dust, and in these stars are born. Galaxies collide with other galaxies the larger ones cannibalising the small, stars age and die and other stars form and the complexity of the system increases. At some point the universe starts to accelerate in its expansion, some unseen, dark energy pulling the universe further and further apart. 8 billion years from the start our own solar system forms from a large rotating ball of gas and dust. As the sun is born it blows away the gas and dust. All this is occurring in a galaxy out of the billions and billions that have formed in this universe: we call this galaxy the milky way and we see it when we look up in the night sky.. and that is a short version of our theory of how the universe formed There are... Problems with our GIANTS theory, things we can't explain, things we can't see, gaps in our knowledge. And the more we have learned the more we have realised how much we don’t know. Our picture of the universe is clearer, but it is by no means complete. This is then, a story about what we don’t know. And what we’re going to do about it. In the summer of 1998 two teams of scientists were in competition. Both were studying the same thing. Distant supernova. They had once been one group, before a disagreement over methods splintered the group, and the rush for results began. They were using these distant supernovae to confirm the expanding universe. Only they both came to the same result, and it wasn’t the result they expected. It wasn’t a result that was even considered. The universe wasn’t just expanding, it was accelerating in its expansion. Neither group believed the result and spent a whole year trying to disprove their own results. But eventually, they had to accept their results. The universe was accelerating in its expansion. A dark energy was at play. This wasn’t a small discovery, or minor hole in our knowledge, it was a fundamental problem. Dark energy comprises 70% of the universe. And we’ve only just found out about it and have absolutely no idea what it is. Science community kicks in, devise plans to measure wiggleZ, remeasure supernova… to achieve the WiggleZ project they have come here: the AAT. [description of AAT and what they're doing to survey the sky] Only there are significant problems. wiggles needs wide field of view, highly accurate instrument. currently on AAO. can't see deep into the universe - need 8m class telescope, but no 8m telescope has the right instruments for this project. WiggleZ is the start of our research into dark energy, but better instruments are needed to uncover the secrets of this. what is needed is a telescope with a wide field that can see deep into the universe. While this was going on. Planetary scientists were hailing the first planet orbiting around another star. After many false starts they’d finally done it, they’d proved that a planet was orbiting around a distant star. And here was the proof. A blurry, image of a star. Using a trick called the Radial velocity method, the astronomers measured the movement of the star due to the gravity of the planet. It was proof, and had monumental implications. But… you couldn’t actually see it. this pushed the telescope to the very limit of its capability. so over the years, as techniques improved and telescopes improved, more planets have were discovered. none however were ever seen directly. This is, then, an amazing image. To the untrained eye, it might seem like a weird blob and a few dots but to an astronomer, it is the holy grail, it is the first direct image of an extrasolar planet. To achieve this image, Astronomers came here: the Keck Telescope. A 10 meter giant. [it does this that the other]. in order to be able to see the planet, the telescope operates on the very best of observing nights, where atmospheric turbulence is minimal, the telescope is pointed at the planet. A laser of a specific wavelength is fired into the sky, it is so powerful that when Satellites in space pass by the beam is switched off, so as to not damage the craft so powerful that 80km into the atmosphere it hits a layer of gas, the wavelength of the laser coincides with the gas and it ionises it, this causes the point of gas to glow.. Below on the ground the telescope observes this laser “guide star”. Which should appear circular, however turbulence in the atmosphere warps this image destroying the clarity, so the telescope warps the mirrors in real time adapting the shape of the mirror to compensate for atmospheric fluctuations. Tiny movements in this fragile 10 meter mirror occur every second, allowing for a spectacular clarity of image. . To suggest this is an amazing achievement is an understatement, laser guide stars and adaptive optics are on the very forefront of science. it has allowed Astronomers to conduct research never before considered possible, and it has allowed them to view the first true image of planets orbiting around distant stars. Despite this wonderful achievement, there is still a fundamental problem. The resolution is tiny, insufficient to answer our questions. Questions we desperately want answers to. Can these planets, these dots we see in this image, can they sustain life? Does life already exist there? How did they form. These questions elude us. It was becoming clear to the Astronomy community that the limit of the current telescopes was being reached for certain aspects of the science. we need to see further back into time. and so the plans have begun to take these wonders of modern engineering. and push the limits even further. But how do you take the most advanced instruments in the world and make them better? these instruments already represent the very pinnacle of engineering. to improve them is a huge task There are a number of telescope projects in design at the moment. these include: TMT, GMT, EELT, SKA, James Webb. each in themselves are a significant undertaking, together they represent a breathtaking engineering challenge in our push to understand the universe around us. The challenges facing engineers are only just being realised. The need for a wide field that can view deep into space will be solved by this: (SKA telescope) or more precisely these. a square kilometre array of these telescopes linked together to make one large dish. One of the main goals of the SKA will be to take over the survey work being done by telescopes such as the AAT. the SKA will have a giant field of view and will be able to see deeply with an incredible clarity, thus allowing it to map the sky in detail never see before. the abilities of this telescope won't end there though. The SKA will also be helping the search for and imaging of extra solar plants. by linking 1000s of telescopes together astronomers hope to get enough clarity to directly image the atmospheres of ES planets. The VLA is currently the largest and most advanced array system in the world the SKA will be X times more powerful. But linking 1000+ telescopes together is no walk in the park. in fact, the technology to do this doesn't even exist at the moment. [description of the SKA challenges] the challenges facing the GMT and the TMT are different to the SKA but they are no less daunting. the giant Magellan telescope is an optical telescope, and so there will only be one. but what it lacks in number it makes up for in size. GMT INFO types of problems e.g. best mountain in the world to observe, but when mountain is cut to build telescope things might change. innovations Its more than just telescope design problems that must be considered. currently the VLT in Chile requires 3XX staff in order to operate. Cooks, cleaners, telescope operators, mechanics and more all combine to ensure the telescopes and astronomers can observe 365 days a year. Near to the VLT, ESO will be building the EELT. EELT [info] it will require X people, more preparation time in order to maintain the mirror.. number of people projected to look after it. the rewards for building will be great. for just as the SKA will look deep into space to study dark energy and extrasolar planets, so too will the giant optical telescopes. One of the ways these telescopes will observe the acceleration of the universe is using quasars. [a quasar is] and these telescopes will be able to view quasars in the very beginning of our universe. By viewing these over 20 years they will b e able to directly measure the acceleration of the universe. these times are of great mystery to us. current telescopes are simply not able to view such great distances. Our description of the universe is reliant on using simulations to show what happened in the early universe. and while these simulations match later observations, we have so few early universe observations there is no good way to tell how accurate they are. ROB's GAL FORMATION & project the giant optical telescopes will be able to directly image these early times allowing us to confirm or adjust our theories. opening an new realm to our understanding. the sheer increase in resolution will be astounding, we will be able to directly image planets. Hopefully we will be able to take spectra of the atmosphere of planets. these spectra will allow us to make inferences about the composition of the planets, hopefully even allowing us to make inferences about the existence of life. Astronomers have realised that in order to understand the universe completely you have to look in all the wavelengths. and the new telescopes are a reflection of that. The SKA is a radio telescope, the GMT, TMT, EELT telescopes are optical and high above the earth a new breed of space telescope is about to be launched. The James Webb Space Telescope is a next generation IR telescope that will [James webb Info] Challenges in designing the James webb along with the SKA and optical telescopes, the James Webb will probe the early stages of the universe and extrasolar planets. [reasons for IR] other telescopes and other uses for these telescopes The future There is something afoot in the world of astronomy. Big things are happening. The giants are coming. We have learned so much in 400 years since the invention of the telescope, over time we have slowly built up a deep understanding of the universe. What we once viewed as a serene, static universe, we now see as a dynamic place. but now astronomers are about to build ambitious new telescopes in order to push our understanding further... to understand why, we need to start at the beginning The beginning of the universe. Its tiny, a seething mass of energy so densely packed together that single atoms cannot form. Immense temperatures and pressures exist everywhere. Its our entire universe and its almost infinitely small. The universe is expanding and cooling and doing both very quickly. It isn't expanding into space, before this moment, space did not exist, and now space and time itself is expanding. In a fraction of a second the universe has gone from the size of a proton to the size of a soccer ball. A few minutes into the expansion the temperature has dropped to a mere 1 billion degrees the density of the entire universe is now like the air on earth. Now protons and neutrons form into atomic nuclei Talk about matter being connected… even tempteratures -> isotropic result 300000 years pass, the expansion continues and eventually the universe cools sufficiently to allow hydrogen and helium nuclei to capture an electron: recombination has occurred. And we enter the dark ages… Hydroen and helium are neutral, photons can travel freely and so the universe is transparent, invisible The universe is smooth, there are barely any difference As time progresses, the perturbations in the dark matter collate and clump due to gravity, attracting more and more material, now galaxies form out of visible, baryonic matter, the gas and dust, and in these stars are born. Galaxies collide with other galaxies the larger ones cannibalising the small, stars age and die and other stars form and the complexity of the system increases. At some point the universe starts to accelerate in its expansion, some unseen, dark energy pulling the universe further and further apart. 8 billion years from the start our own solar system forms from a large rotating ball of gas and dust. As the sun is born it blows away the gas and dust. All this is occurring in a galaxy out of the billions and billions that have formed in this universe: we call this galaxy the milky way and we see it when we look up in the night sky.. and that is a short version of our theory of how the universe formed There are... Problems with our theory, things we can't explain, things we can't see, gaps in our knowledge. And the more we have learned the more we have realised how much we don’t know. Our picture of the universe is clearer, but it is by no means complete. This is then, a story about what we don’t know. And what we’re going to do about it. Giants Among Us In the summer of 1998 and two teams of scientists were in competition. Both were studying the same thing. Distant supernova. They had once been one group, before a disagreement over methods splintered the group, and the rush for results began. They were using these distant supernovae to confirm the expanding universe. Only they both came to the same result, and it wasn’t the result they expected. It wasn’t a result that was even considered. The universe wasn’t just expanding, it was accelerating in its expansion. Neither group believed the result and spent a while year trying to disprove their own results. But eventually, they had to accept their results. The universe was accelerating in its expansion. A dark energy was at play. This wasn’t a small discovery, or minor hole in our knowledge, it was a fundamental problem. Dark energy comprises 70% of the universe. And we’ve only just found out about it and have absolutely no idea what it is. Science community kicks in, devise plans to measure wiggleZ, remeasure supernova… to achieve the WiggleZ project they have come here: the AAT. [description of AAT and what they're doing to survey the sky] Only there are significant problems. wiggles needs wide field of view, highly accurate instrument. currently on AAO. can't see deep into the universe - need 8m class telescope, but no 8m telescope has the right instruments for this project. WiggleZ is the start of our research into dark energy, but better instruments are needed to uncover the secrets of this. what is needed is a telescope with a wide field that can see deep into the universe. While this was going on. Planetary scientists were hailing the first planet orbiting around another star. After many false starts they’d finally done it, they’d proved that a planet was orbiting around a distant star. And here was the proof. A blurry, questionable image of a star. Using a trick called the Radial velocity method, the astronomers measured the movement of the star due to the gravity of the planet. It was proof, and had monumental implications. But… you couldn’t actually see it. this pushed the telescope to the very limit of its capability. so over the years, as techniques improved and telescopes improved, more planets have were discovered. none however were ever seen directly. This is, then, an amazing image. To the untrained eye, it might seem like a weird blob and a few dots but to an astronomer, it is the holy grail, it is the first direct image of an extrasolar planet. To achieve this image, Astronomers came here: the Keck Telescope. A 10 meter giant. [it does this that the other]. in order to be able to see the planet, the telescope operates on the very best of observing nights, where atmospheric turbulence is minimal, the telescope is pointed at the planet. A laser of a specific wavelength is fired into the sky, it is so powerful that when Satellites in space pass by the beam is switched off, so as to not damage the craft so powerful that 80km into the atmosphere it hits a layer of gas, the wavelength of the laser coincides with the gas and it ionises it, this causes the point of gas to glow.. Below on the ground the telescope observes this laser “guide star”. Which should appear circular, however turbulence in the atmosphere warps this image destroying the clarity, so the telescope warps the mirrors in real time adapting the shape of the mirror to compensate for atmospheric fluctuations. Tiny movements in this fragile 10 meter mirror occur every second, allowing for a spectacular clarity of image. To suggest this is an amazing achievement is an understatement, laser guide stars and adaptive optics are on the very forefront of science. it has allowed Astronomers to conduct research never before considered possible, and it has allowed them to view the first true image of planets orbiting around distant stars. Despite this wonderful achievement, there is still a fundamental problem. The resolution is tiny, insufficient to answer our questions. Questions we desperately want answers to. Can these planets, these dots we see in this image, can they sustain life? Does life already exist there? How did they form. These questions elude us. It was becoming clear to the Astronomy community that the limit of the current telescopes was being reached for certain aspects of the science. we need to see further back into time. and so the plans have begun to take these wonders of modern engineering. and push the limits even further. But how do you take the most advanced instruments in the world and make them better? these instruments already represent the very pinnacle of engineering. to improve them is a huge task There are a number of telescope projects in design at the moment. these include: TMT, GMT, EELT, SKA, James Webb. each in themselves are a significant undertaking, together they represent a breathtaking engineering challenge in our push to understand the universe around us. The challenges facing engineers are only just being realised. The need for a wide field that can view deep into space will be solved by this: (SKA telescope) or more precisely these. a square kilometre array of these telescopes linked together to make one large dish. One of the main goals of the SKA will be to take over the survey work being done by telescopes such as the AAT. the SKA will have a giant field of view and will be able to see deeply with an incredible clarity, thus allowing it to map the sky in detail never see before. the abilities of this telescope won't end there though. The SKA will also be helping the search for and imaging of extra solar plants. by linking 1000s of telescopes together astronomers hope to get enough clarity to directly image the atmospheres of ES planets. The VLA is currently the largest and most advanced array system in the world the SKA will be X times more powerful. But linking 1000+ telescopes together is no walk in the park. in fact, the technology to do this doesn't even exist at the moment. [description of the SKA challenges] the challenges facing the GMT and the TMT are different to the SKA but they are no less daunting. the giant Magellan telescope is an optical telescope, and so there will only be one. but what it lacks in number it makes up for in size. GMT INFO types of problems e.g. best mountain in the world to observe, but when mountain is cut to build telescope things might change. innovations Its more than just telescope design problems that must be considered. currently the VLT in Chile requires 3XX staff in order to operate. Cooks, cleaners, telescope operators, mechanics and more all combine to ensure the telescopes and astronomers can observe 365 days a year. Near to the VLT, ESO will be building the EELT. EELT [info] it will require X people, more preparation time in order to maintain the mirror.. number of people projected to look after it. the rewards for building these optical telescopes will be great. for just as the SKA will look deep into space to study dark energy and extrasolar planets, so too will the giant optical telescopes. One of the ways these telescopes will observe the acceleration of the universe is using quasars. [a quasar is] and these telescopes will be able to view quasars in the very beginning of our universe. By viewing these over 20 years they will b e able to directly measure the acceleration of the universe. these times are of great mystery to us. current telescopes are simply not able to view such great distances. Our description of the universe is reliant on using simulations to show what happened in the early universe. and while these simulations match later observations, we have so few early universe observations there is no good way to tell how accurate they are. ROB's GAL FORMATION & project the giant optical telescopes will be able to directly image these early times allowing us to confirm or adjust our theories. opening an new realm to our understanding. the sheer increase in resolution will be astounding, we will be able to directly image planets. Hopefully we will be able to take spectra of the atmosphere of planets. these spectra will allow us to make inferences about the composition of the planets, hopefully even allowing us to make inferences about the existence of life. Astronomers have realised that in order to understand the universe completely you have to look in all the wavelengths. and the new telescopes are a reflection of that. The SKA is a radio telescope, the GMT, TMT, EELT telescopes are optical and high above the earth a new breed of space telescope is about to be launched. The James Webb Space Telescope is a next generation IR telescope that will [James webb Info] along with the SKA and optical telescopes, the James Webb will probe the early stages of the universe and extrasolar planets. [reasons for IR] other telescopes and other uses for these telescopes The future Parkes and general relativity Keck and the search for planets AAO and Wigglez, dark energy GMT Planets and their formation Stellar population and Chemical evolution Assembly of galaxies Black holes Dark energy and accelerating universe. SKA The dark ages Cradle of life: earthlike planets General relativity Dark energy James Webb Dark Ages Solar & Extrasolar Planets