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AP World History Chapter 8 Redo Catherine Phamduy 5/6/12 Africans Societies: Diversity and Similarities- diverse nations (centralized to stateless) according to kinship (religion, language, and culture). Islam and Christianity formed some nations. Stateless Societies Stateless societies- organized by kinship or ruling family. Little concentration n of authority Secret societies of men/women = stability from overrule and rivalries Hard to resist external influence; mobilize for war, and create long distance trade. Common Elements in African Societies Bantu Language (common language), animistic religion w/ natural forces (provided cosmology, code of ethnics and behavior) Religion, economy, and history were closely related and religion was connected to familystrong resilience to Christianity and Islam North America = trade w/ Mediterranean World. Others remained in active trade w/ one another Large populations The Arrival of Islam in North Africa North Africa had already been open to the world (Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, and Vandals) w/ Islam, ties w/ the rest of Africa = stronger. By 670 CE, Muslim ruled Ifriqiya and Maghrib. The reformist group, Almohadis, was critical in connecting Islam to Africa. Islam made African kings powerful, yet social inequality still remained The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopia Egypt, Nubia, and Ethiopia were under B Emp rule and received conversion. Some kept the Christian religion despite rule of Arabs. Egypt- Christianized Egyptians (Copts) kept their religion despite rue of the Muslims Ethiopia- the converts turned inwardestablished their own Christian society. Ethiopia was extremely Christianized. Kingdoms of the Grasslands- Islam contributed to growth of powerful states (Mali, Songhay, and Hausa). Islam spread w/ trade thru the strip of the sahel (strip of grassland). Ghana created extensive trade + powerinvasions by Muslim decrees in power Sudanic States (Ghana, Mali, Songhay) Had patriarchal system w/ the core (common ethnicity) Rule over conquered areas (taxes, tribute, military support) division between subjects and rulers Islam more power w/ little conversions Savannah states fused Islam and animistic religion together (Mali and Songhay) The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the “Lion Price” Malinke people who broke from Ghana created imitated the Islamic ruleJuulas (merchants) traded. Rise of Sundiata was known for oral and celebrated by griots (historians) Sundiata unified Mali by dividing it into 16 clans (each w/ specified roles). Travel was secured and crimes punished. Ibn Batuta commented that the rule was stricteffective rule Trade = wealth connections w/ in Arabian peninsulaMuslim architecture to Mali City Dwellers and Villagers Merchants and scholars were attracted to power of Mali Timbuktu (city) formed along w/ other great cities Agricultural life was hard and polygamy existed to attain more work force for labor. Irrigations helped to stabilize the natural disabilities and get food The Songhay Kingdom By 1370’s, Songhay was ruled by Muslim rulers. Muhammad the Great extended the borders and enforce Islamic rules, yet when another Muslim group moved in w/ muskets (1591), they were demolished and the Hausa Empire ruled. The Hausa Empire was a place of Muslim learning and active tradingMuslim merchants spread south to places w/ no Islam influence. Political and Social Life in the Sudanic States Rule was under dominant family + common religion (Islam) provided better treatment of merchants (trade) + increase hierarchy Animistic religion fused with Islam + women had more rights vs. Sharia (Islamic Law) Slavery increased w/ Islamic influence to convert Africans, but in reality slaves were used for work The Swahili Coast of East Africa- ports along the coast had trading partners w/ Arabia, Persia, India, and China. Slow conversion w/ fusions The coastal Trading Ports Mass migrations of Bantu speaking Africans the land of Zenj. The urbanized areas prospered w/ trade The Mixture of Cultures on the Swahili Coast Islam influencemore trade. Muslim rulers conquered over parts of Swahili coast and moved south Language was based on Bantu and some Arabic words, while writing was in Arabic. Fusions of the two cultures spread along the coast. Patterns of the East coast were more rigid to change than Sudanic states. Peoples of the Forest and Plains- societies were based on varied agriculture. Some created large governments over its subjects + some arts are very good yet no writing developed Artists and Kings: Yoruba and Benin Yoruba- art was humanlike and great works on wood/ivory. It was highly urbanized w/ mixed origins of the Nubian people. It ruled through local princes that paid w/ tribute Benin was formed and had great artistic pieces in ivory and cast bronze which impressed even the Europeans Central African Kingdoms Establishments replaced authority of kinship to kingship. A bureaucracy was formed, yet was hereditary The Kingdoms of Kongo and Mwene Mutapa Kongo- people developed skills of weaving, pottery, and blacksmithing. Seashells were currency. The kingship was hereditary, yet local chieftains were notdivisions into 8 provinces. \ A different group created the Great Zimbabwe = advanced in architecture = sophistication. Trade also prospered. However, rivalries and rebellions created divisions reduced size of Mwene Mutapa