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Chapter 28 Class Notes BSC 2086
Fall 2010
(Slide 2) Define 4 features of Pregnancy:
The oocyte is viable for ___________________ hours, the sperm is viable _________________________
after ejaculation.
For fertilization to occur, coitus (sexual intercourse) must occur no more than: ______________________
before ovulation, or ______________________________ after ovulation. Fertilization is when the
sperm’s ____________________________________________ combine with those of a secondary oocyte
to form a ____________________________________ (zygote).
Only ________________________________________________ sperm reach the uterine tubes.
(Slide 7) Sperm must be ____________________________ before they can penetrate the oocyte. What
does this term mean?
(Slides 9-11) Sperm must cross the oocyte’s ________________________________________________.
Cell surface enzymes help sperm break through ____________________________________ of the
coronoa radiata. When sperm binds to a ZP3 receptor at the __________________________________,
its acrosome releases _____________________________________ to digest holes in the zona pellucida.
__________________________ of sperms must release acrosomal enzymes to digest the zona pellucida.
When the first sperm head approaches the oocyte, an ___________________________________ forms
from the sperm head, which binds to the oocyte’s ______________________________ receptors. Oocyte
and sperm membranes fuse, and ___________________________ sperm is allowed to penetrate the
oocyte (monospermy). Upon entry of the sperm, a Ca2+ surge from the oocyte’s ER causes a
_____________________________________________________, which means: cortical granules release
enzymes called zonal inhibiting proteins (ZIPs) that destroy ______________________ receptors.
Spilled materials bind water and swell, to detach ________________________ sperm. Process called
slow block to __________________________________.
(Slide 13) As the sperm nucleus moves toward the oocyte nucleus it swells to form the male
____________________________. A _______________________________ triggers the completion of
meiosis II  which creates the _______________________ + ____________________ polar body.
Ovum nucleus swells to become a female _____________________________. Membranes of the two
pronuclei rupture and the ___________________________________ combine to form a
____________________________.
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(Slide 15) ________________________________is mitotic divisions of the zygote (fertilized egg). First
cleavage occurs at __________________ hours  and produces two daughter cells
called_____________________________. At ________________ hours  a
___________________________ of _________ or more cells forms. At day ______________________,
the __________________ of ~100 cells called a _____________________________ reaches the uterus.
(Slide 16) A ___________________________________is a fluid-filled hollow sphere that forms at 3 to
4 days. ___________________________________ cells form the spherical walls, which display factors
that are immunosuppressive, and participate in _____________________________ formation.
The _______________________________cell mass becomes the embryonic disc which is the embryo
and ______________________ of the embryonic membranes.
(Slide 18) Implantation of the Blastocyst occurs ________________________________ after
______________________________.
(Slide 20) Trophoblasts proliferate and form two distinct layers:
___________________________________ that is the inner layer of cells, and
__________________________________ that is cells in the outer layer that lose their plasma
membranes, _______________________________________ the endometrium.
(Slide 24) ___________________________________________________________________ (hCG) is
secreted by trophoblast cells; later by the ___________________________. hCG prompts the corpus
luteum to continue secretion of _________________________________________________________..
hCG levels rise until the end of the _______________________________ month, then decline as the
_____________________________ begins to secrete progesterone and estrogen.
(Slids 26-28) ______________________________________ is the formation of the
_________________________ from embryonic and maternal tissues. Embryonic tissues contributing to
the placenta include _________________________________________ that develop from the inner cell
mass and line the trophoblast. Together the mesoderm and trophoblast form the
_________________________________________________________________.
Maternal tissues contributing to the placenta include the ___________________________________ made
of stratum functionalis that is between the chorionic villi and stratum basalis of the endometrium, which
develops to form _________________________________________.
The Chorionic villi grow into the blood-filled lacunae, and become vascularized by
__________________________________________________________________. The villi are
immersed in ___________________________ blood .
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(Slide 30) Placenta is fully formed and functional by the end of the_________________________ month.
(Slides 31-32) Please Label:
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(Slide 33) Maternal and embryonic blood supplies do not ____________________________.
(Slide 35) During implantation, the blastocyst starts to convert to a ____________________________ (3
layers). The inner cell mass develops into the ________________________________ (subdivides into
epiblast and hypoblast), then the ___________________ primary __________________________ layers
and the extraembryonic membranes develop.
(Slides 36-38) The extraembryonic membranes include these 4 things:
(Slide 41) Define gastrulation and when it occurs:
(Slide 45) Describe the 3 primary germ layers:
Ch 28 B Slides start here
(Slide 2) What is organogenesis and when does it begin?
What does neurulation form?
(Slide 4) What do the neural tube and neural crest cells form?
Please Label:
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(Slide 15) The notochord is a specialization of ___________________________________________.
(Slide 16) Describe 3 functional parts of Somites:
(Slide 30) Which weeks of development are associated with the fetal period?
(Slide 39) What is parturition?
(Slide 40) What causes false labor?
What 2 hormones are powerful uterine muscle stimulants during labor contractions?
(Slide 44) The longest stage of labor lasts _______________________________ hours.
(Slide 51) What does the Apgar score meaure and what is a healthy score?
Describe the transitional period:
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(Slide 56) What hormone directly stimulates lactation?
What hormone causes the letdown reflex?
(Slide 62) Describe in vitro fertilization:
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