Download Beginning of Cold War

Unit 6: Cold War to the Present
(Beginning of Cold War – Berlin Wall)
I.
The Start of the Cold War
A.
East-West Suspicions
1. The ______________ and the _________________ emerged
from ________________ as the two most _____________
nations. While the two governments had _____________ to
defeat the ____________ Powers, their relationship
____________________ after the war.
2.
Soviet ______________ into Eastern Europe heightened
American ___________ of ________________, a system
in which, instead of ____________ individuals running
_______________, the ______________ party,
representing _______________ as a whole, __________
property and the means of _____________. The Soviets
had promised free ______________ in Eastern European
nations at the _______ of the war. ____________, they
imposed Communist rule by holding ____________ only
under the _____________ of Soviet ____________.
3.
In _______, former Prime Minister Winston Churchill
declared that the Soviets had in a sense ___________ the
nations of Eastern Europe behind an “_____________.”
The phrase “iron curtain” would be used to ___________
Soviet __________ in Europe from _______ to _______.
4.
The Strength of Communism:
a. The Communists promised to abolish ___________,
____________, and private ____________. They also
guaranteed _________, ___________, ___________,
______________, and a _______________ society.
b. Communist ____________ sought to spread their
form of _______________ by inciting _______) in
other ___________ where poor and oppressed
populations were _________________ to their ideas.
c. President Harry S. Truman responded with a policy of
______________-preventing the spread of
communism-rather than ____________ satellite
nations. This policy was based on the __________
that the Soviets were interested in ______________
other _____________, not simply securing their own
borders. The policy of containment led to what was
known as the _______________-a state of intense
____________ between the United States and Soviet
Union, but _____________ any actual
_____________. This policy would be ___________
by the ________________ who followed Truman.
B.
Aid to Europe
1. In 1947, U.S. diplomats warned that ____________ and
______________ were in ___________ of falling to
communists ______________. The U.S. and other
____________nations wished to stop communism from
______________ because they saw it as an ____________
form of __________ that quashed individual economic and
personal _______________. In response, Truman proposed
a plan to provide _____________ and ______________ aid
to Greece and Turkey to resist a communist ____________.
The plan, which Congress approved, became known as the
_____________________ and committed the United States
to a more __________ role in world affairs.
2.
The United States turned its ____________ to helping
the rest of ____________ to recover from the devastation
of the war. U.S. officials ____________ that economic
crises in European countries might lead to the
______________ of communist governments.
The United States implemented the _______________named after ___________ of ____________George
Marshall. It provided ___________ amounts of
________________ aid to provide __________,
__________, and raw ____________ to help the nations
of Europe rebuild their _____________, _____________,
and __________________ systems. The U.S. offered the
Marshall Plan to _______ nations in Europe, including
the ____________________. The Soviets refused.
Why? In trying to ________________ communism, the
Soviets did not want to _____________ to need help
from a Western __________________ country.
3. The Berlin Airlift-After the war, the ___________,
______________, _____________, and the
__________________ each ____________ a zone of
Germany. In 1948, the Western powers ____________
that they were _______________ their three __________
of Germany to form an __________________ nation___________________. The Soviets responded by
____________ off all _____________ from West
Germany to Berlin, the __________ city, in the eastern
part of _______________. Truman ordered a massive
airlift to ____________ Berlin’s 2 million people with
_____________ and other _____________. In May
1949, the Soviets finally ___________ their
_____________ of the city.
4.
NATO-In 1949, with East-West _____________ rising,
the United States joined other Western nations to form
the __________________________________, a military
____________ against the ____________. In response,
the Soviet Union formed the ________________, a
military alliance of the Soviet-______________countries.
The nations of _________ considered an attack on
________ country as an attack on _________of them.
The _____________ of such a policy: It provides a
number of separate nations with greater __________.
The ________________: It increases the ________ of
small ______________ becoming large wars involving
___________ nations.
C.
The Occupation of Japan-After World War II, there were 3
aims of the United States in __________:
1.
To ______________ peace;
2.
To help Asians _____________ foreign _______; and
3.
To ____________ Asian ___________ with the world.
In 1946, the U.S. granted independence to the _____________,
giving money to ___________ war damage and making tariff
__________________ in American markets. The U.S. also
occupied ____________ and sought to help the nation rebuild
and become more _______________. Under the leadership of
General _______________________, Japan’s military was
__________________. Under American direction, a new
_________________ provided for elected ________________
government and woman ______________. U.S. leaders also
_______________ economic opportunity and provided Japan
with ________________ aid. U.S. officials in Japan made sure
to leave many aspects of Japanese culture ___________. Why?
They did not want to have the Japanese ____________ their
presence, which would make their work there more
___________. In 1951, with Japan on its way to a remarkable
recovery, the country was granted its ________________.
C.
Communist Triumph in China
1. Since the early 1930s, a civil war between the
____________ government of ____________________ and
the _________________, led by _______________, had
ravaged China. The fighting ebbed during World War II as
both sides resisted the Japanese ______________, but the
conflict ______________ after the war ended. On the
advice of George Marshall, the U.S. focused its efforts on
________________ communism in Western Europe rather
than committing itself to the ___________ and
________________ Nationalist Chinese.
2. By the end of 1949, _________ victorious forces had forced
the ________________ to flee to the island of __________.
Many Americans ________________ the Truman
_______________________ for not paying enough attention
to China and “__________” the country to the Communists.
D.
The Korean Conflict
1. In 1950, ________________, which was ruled by a Sovietinstalled Communist government, invaded _____________.
______ troops, led by the United States, came to the aid of
South Korea to help _________ the North Koreans back.
When UN forces ______________ North Korea,
__________ troops ______________ the conflict to help the
_________________. The Chinese forces pushed the UN
troops back into South Korea, and the war __________
down into a bloody _________________.
2. General MacArthur, who commanded UN forces in
______________, wanted to __________ China. Truman
refused, fearing a much ___________ war. When
MacArthur openly ____________ Truman, the President
____________ him. Truman’s dismissal of the
____________ general caused a firestorm of ____________
around the country. The Chicago Tribune even called on
Congress to _____________ and ________________ the
President for his action.
3. The Election of 1952-When Truman announced he would
not run again, _______________ and World War II hero
Dwight D. Eisenhower (_______) faced ____________
Adlai _______________, governor of Illinois. Eisenhower
promised to end the war in Korea and __________ the
election decisively.
4. The fighting in Korea continued until 1953, when both sides
agreed on a ______________ that left the country
______________ in the same way it had been before the war
began. Neither side ______________ victory. The struggle
cost the U.S. more than ___________ soldiers, but the U.S.
resolve in Korea caused many ___________ nations to draw
_____________ to the United States.
E.
The “Red Scare”
1. During the cold war period, Americans’ ___________ of a
communist ________________ heightened. Many began to
think that some of their fellow ________________ were
communist ________________ or ____________. The
“Red Scare” swept the nation.
2.
Fear of communist _________________ led to the rise of
Democratic Senator Joseph ____________ of Wisconsin,
who charged that he knew of _____________ communist
sympathizers within the U.S. _______________, but he
never produced ________________ for this claim.
Accusations and rumors promoted by McCarthy and
other officials _____________ the lives and reputations
of many Americans. The Senate eventually determined
that McCarthy’s accusations were ________________.
In 1954, McCarthy’s underhanded tactics were
________________ in televised hearings. The use of
indiscriminate, unfounded political accusations to destroy
someone’s character became known as ______________.
G.
Thaws in the Cold War
1.
During the Eisenhower administration, a slight “______”
in the cold war occurred. After _____________ death in
1953, the Soviet Union’s new leader,
_____________________, allowed people a little more
_____________. In July 1955, Eisenhower met with
Soviet leaders to discuss nuclear ________________.
The summit accomplished little, however, and in 1958,
tensions between the two nations ______________ again.
2.
In May, 1960, an American ________ surveillance plane
was shot down over the Soviet Union while on a
___________ mission. Khrushchev denounced the U.S.
mission, and _____________ between the two nations
______________.
3.
In his farewell address, the grandfatherly president
warned against the influence of the
_____________________________, the defense industry
that promoted the production of ______________ of
______________________.
H. Cuba-The U.S. largely ____________ Latin America, where great
____________ had created a breeding ground for political
_______________. In 1959, rebel forces overthrew Cuba’s
corrupt ______________. The new rebel government, led by
__________________, soon ____________ with the Communists.
As a result, the U.S. _________ off relations with the __________.
This was ______________ to the U.S. since Cuba is only _______
miles off the coast of the U.S.; communism was brought to the
nation’s _________________.
a. President John ______________ basic foreign policy goal
was similar to that of Truman and Eisenhower_____________ of communism. The United States began
training Cuban ___________ to _______________ the rebel
government under Castro.
b. In April, 1961, Cuban exiles invaded the island at the
_____________________. The mission ______________
and the invaders _______________. The failed invasion
hurt the ______________ of the Kennedy administration
and __________________ Castro’s power in the world. In
1962, Cuba convicted more than ___________Bay of Pigs
invaders of ______________ and sentenced them to
_______ years in prison. Soon, however, Cuban officials
released the prisoners in return for more than
_______________ in __________ and ___________
supplies from a U.S. committee of _____________ citizens.
c. In October, 1962, U.S. officials ___________ that the Soviet
Union had placed ___________ weapons in Cuba. Kennedy
_____________ the Soviet Union to ___________ the
weapons. After tense ___________________, the
_____________________ended when Soviet leaders
______________to remove the weapons.
I. The Peace Corps-In 1961, President Kennedy created the
_________________to help developing nations _________
poverty and disease. The Peace Corps was organized to help
prevent the spread of _________________ by improving the
__________ of life. By late 1963, there were __________ Peace
Corps volunteers serving in ______ countries teaching practical
skills or working to build ____________ and ______________
facilities.
J.
The Berlin Wall: East-West tensions ________ when the Soviets
built a _________ dividing the city of Berlin, blocking free
_______________between the communist section of Berlin and the rest of
the city. The structure became known as the _________________. The
wall _____________ the flight of _________________ seeking to escape
the _________________ of East Germany. The Berlin Wall became a
____________ of cold war divisions between East and West. Throughout
the early 1960s, the U.S. and the Soviet Union worked to negotiate
___________ limiting the ____________ of nuclear weapons. In August,
1963, they reached an agreement that _____________ nuclear testing in the
_______________ and ________________, but not _________________.