Download AP WORLD HISTORYChange and Continuity Analysis ChartUnit

AP WORLD HISTORYChange and Continuity Analysis ChartUnit: Early Modern Era
THEME
Human-Environ
Interaction
(Demography, disease,
Migration, technology)
Characteristics at the beginning of
the period
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Russia was starting to
expand eastward and
westward (mostly eastward,
claiming Siberia and
inheriting its diverse and
pastoral population)
China was a small nation
that was ravaged by
infighting and invasions by
nomadic peoples, yet the
Qing dynasty, although
foreigners from the North,
united China and started to
expand.
Key Changes
-at least TWO
-give evidence for each
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Key Continuities
-At least TWO
-give evidence for each
As a result of
expansionism, Russia’s
ethnic makeup changed,
resulting in a melting pot
of different cultures
(inheriting Mongolians,
Siberians, Belorussians,
Poles, Ukrainians, etc)
The lives of several
herders started to
change, they were forced
to live in an agricultural
environment, or else they
would have to hunt furbearing animals to pay
tribute to the Russian
state
China started to gain new
territory; it subsumed
Mongolia, Xingjiang, and
Tibet, which made the
modern Chinese state.
Russia continued to
expand eastward for
economic reasons (the fur
trade)
Russia continued to claim
several different ethnic
populations – as they
took pieces of Central
Asia, Eastern Europe, the
Middle East, and Eastern
Asia
China continued to
maintain its cultural
Region: Asia
Characteristics at the end of the
period
Analysis of changes
Analysis of continuities
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Ethnic makeup of Russia
changed, with Russians
taking less of the total
population, but they were
assimilated into Russian
culture (from 90% to 71%,
with a significant increase in
population)
Siberia became the largest
part of Russia, and provided
it with vast lands that made
it the largest state in the
world.
Increased ethnic diversity in
China
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The diversity of the
Russian state as a result
of its geography and
population has made it
difficult for scholars to
create a specific identity
for Russia to rally behind
– the dilemma to think
the state is a Slavic state
or a state that has its
roots in the great
Mongolian empires of
the past
Changes didn’t change
much, except there was
some backlash, but that
was quickly quelled by
military endeavors
Russia still maintained its
culture, and took steps
to assuade people,
whether by force (taking
hostages of those that
refuse to comply with
the autocratic state of
Russia), or through
coercion (increasing
taxes for those that
didn’t convert to
Christianity), yet Russia’s
constant military
integrity even though
demographics changed –
very little intermingling of
different people.
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Culture
(Religions, philosophies,
Science, technology,
art,
architecture)
-China – Jesuits
-Growth of Muslim state in India
-Japanese Christianity
-Ottoman empire – Muslim
conversion from Christianity
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Politics
(State-building,
conflict, Political
structures, Empires,
Revolts and revolution)
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Mughal Empire (India)
Creation of Qing Dynasty
and later the Ming Dynastic
Russian expansionism and
“Russofication”
Spread of Ottoman empire,
quelling of Christian
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Increased syncretism in
India, as there was a rise
in Sikhism, which
incorporated Islam with
Hinduism
Significant change in
Eastern European and
upper Middle Eastern
beliefs as a result of
Ottoman empire
Absorption of Jesuit ideas
on science within China
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Lack of tolerance within the
Mughal empire lead to
violence between Hindus and
Muslims
Russia was able to convert a
significant amount of
Muslims through incentives
Large swaths of populations
converted to Islam as a result
of Ottoman expansion
Continued use of
Confucianism in China,
along with Daoist and
Buddhist ideologies
The continuation of a
specific Russian culture
throughout conquered
lands.
Collapse of Qing dynasty
as a result of cultural
differences and failure of
Qing rule – resulted in
domestic rule once again.
Significant changes in
Christian makeup in areas
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Changes in tolerance for
minority populations in large
empires – Russia no longer
increased taxes on those that
were Muslims, but the
Mughal Empire was
backwards, as the emperor
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presence allowed it to
quell any backlash –
creating ethnic diversity
with a continual cultural
assimilation.
China, like Russia,
maintained its cultural
integrity.
Changes had to occur
through accommodation
or force, but force and
accommodation wasn’t
always necessary,
because several empires
went the course of
Russia, which was to
impose incentives or
structural disadvantages
to those that continued
to follow a particular
religion.
In order to confront the
continuous nature of
Confucianism, Jesuits
tried to accommodate
Chinese people by
showing similarities
between Christianity and
the ideas that Confucius
advocates, this was used
to great effect by the
Ottoman empire and the
Sikhs – shows how
significant continuities
are, especially when
trying to change
something established.
Expansion resulted in
the establishment of a
solidified Russian state
which to this day
maintains borders and
territory that is similar to
what the Russian empire
rebellions
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Economics
(Agric, trade,
commerce, labors
systems,
industrialization,
capitalism, socialism)
-Russian Fur Trade
-Increased reliance on silver
-Start-up of European presence
in Asia and the Indian ocean
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that the Ottomans
occupied
Increased toleration for
Muslims under Catherine
the Great as opposed to
previous coercive policies,
similar integrative policies
were pursued by Akbar
the Great, but changed by
future leaders
Russia continued
expansion in order to
maintain a foothold in the
fur trade
Continued conflict
between Muslim and
Hind peoples within India
Russia started to become
a global trading power,
with the ability to trade
“soft gold” for other
materials
China started to tax
others and imports based
on Silver, Japan found
silver mines, increasing
the supply of money,
stimulating trade, and
putting the wealth into
good use and real output
instead of focusing on
monetary output. Sets the
stage for Japanese
modern society
Europeans gain footholds
– Dutch and British East
Indian companies formed.
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Aurangzeb used the idea of
conversion as a coercive
means to quell Hinduism.
Ming dynasty ushered in a
new Golden Age for china,
maintaining political stability
and increased cultural
awareness, while also
allowing for domestic
integrity free of foreign rule.
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Fur trade made indigenous
populations dependent on
the Russian state to survive –
similar parallel to North
American Indians
Increased reliance on Silver
significantly changed Japan
as a state and gave it the
propensity to become a
modern industrial power
European expansionism
allowed them to set the
stage for future colonialism
Asian powers still
remained the
predominant traders even
with European traders
starting to gain a foothold
Conflict between Hindus
and Muslims continued,
and has still is relevant
today
The changes were significant
and solidified Japan’s status as
a major trading power. Russia
grew as a result of incentives to
gain an even larger foothold in
the fur trade, and the increase
in silver production at the
hands of Japan (and Spain
itself) led to the collapse of
Spain but the growth of Japan.
European’s first foray into Asia
allowed them to set the stage
for future colonies that they
would soon conquer, although
they were limited as a result of
their incapable naval power at
the time.
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acquired
Muslim populations
continue to propagate
along the upper Middle
East and Central Asia as
a result of the Ottoman
empire
Asian powers had
significant clout against
Europe at this time,
allowing large tariffs and
making sure that they
had the upper hand in
in the Indian Ocean.
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Social
(Gender roles/
relations, family, racial
& ethnic constructions,
social and economic
classes)
-Japanese infighting within
Daimyos
-Russia was starting to increase
its ethnic diversity
-Infighting within India between
Hindu and Muslim populations
Influx of Russian settlers in
unsettled lands – lead to
increase in ethnic diversity,
Russian population was 90%
opposed to 71% in a couple of
generations
Russia became a multicultural state
with a lack of a stable identity
Hindu and Muslim relations
were variable according to the
ruler
Infighting eventually led to a victor
in Japan, allowing for stability that
allowed for Japanese economic
growth
Japanese infighting resulted in
several wars and conflict until a
dominant shogunate came into
play to maintain stability.
Populations weren’t necessary
expelled in the Mughal or
Russian empires or even the
Chinese empire – just quelled
and put into submission
China made sure that they
maintained ethnic integrity.
Hindus and Muslims continue to
engage in conflict today near the
Indian subcontinent
terms of trade (which
was especially easy
considering they were
the ones that had things
of use-value in
comparison to the
Europeans)
So many social changes, almost
impossible to maintain
continuity in this era because
it’s essentially an expansionist
era for most of the future great
powers, however, a country
like China maintained its ethnic
integrity, and so did the
Muslim and Hindu populations,
and they still do to this day,
wanting to prevent
intermingling and preferring to
stay within their own subset of
people
Changes in Russia led to an
unstable identity that has
made it difficult for scholars to
define a historical idea to back
up for Russia.