Download Totalitarian Rule/Dictators

Totalitarian Rule/Dictators
Chapter 14, Section 2
What is totalitarianism?
_____________: a government that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public
and private life
Totalitarian leaders devised methods to control and persuade: _______, indoctrination,
__________, censorship, and religious or ___________ persecution.
Police Terror
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Police serve to __________ the central government’s policies
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Indoctrination: instruction in the government’s __________
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Propaganda: _________ or incomplete information that is used to _________ people to accept
certain beliefs or actions.
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Control of all _________ allows this to happen
___________ are surrounded by false information that appears to be true.
Police may _______ or intimidate citizens
Sometimes police will use brutal force or __________ to achieve their goals
Indoctrination
Control of ___________ is crucial (allows glorification of leader and his policies and convinces
citizens that their unconditional support and ___________ are required)
Propaganda and Censorship
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If one suggests the information is false this act is considered an act of ________. Imprisonment
or ___________ could be the result of such accusations.
Religious or Ethnic Persecution
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Totalitarian leaders often create “______________” to place blame for things that go wrong.
Often these “________” are religious or ethnic groups.
These groups are easily identified and are usually subjected to __________ and violence.
They may be forced to live in certain places and have to follow rules that only apply to their group.
Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
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Stalin hoped to create a perfect _________ state in Russia. He began by destroying his enemies
both real and imagined.
Police State:
Stalin’s secret police used _________ to stop riots, monitored phone lines, and read mail.
____________ reported on what was said at home and a knock on the door in the early morning
hours became a feared sound as that usually meant a family member was being arrested.
The Great Purge
• 1934-__________ turns against members in the Communist Party
• 1937-launches the ___________: a campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone who
threatened his power.
Example: 1000s of old ____________ (ones that helped stage the revolution in 1917) stood trial and
were executed or sent to labor camps for “crimes against the Soviet State.”
During the Great Purge, Stalin gained __________ control of the government and the Communist
Party. It is estimated that he was responsible for 8-13 million __________.
Russian Propaganda & Censorship
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Stalin’s government controlled all ____________, motion pictures, radio, and other sources of
information.
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Communist Party newspaper called the ____________
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All schools from __________ to university were government controlled.
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Communists’ aimed to replace ___________ teachings with Communist teachings.
Used the arts as ____________ pieces
Education and Indoctrination
School children learned the virtues of the ____________ Party.
College professors and students who questioned the ___________ Party’s interpretation of
history were fired or imprisoned.
Religious Persecution
The Russian Orthodox __________ was the main target of persecution.
Other religious groups suffered too. And, police destroyed __________, and synagogues. Many
religious leaders were __________ or sent to labor camps.
*To achieve the perfect Communist state personal rights and freedoms were replaced with power of
the _________.
Stalinist Russia
Stalin’s _________: create a perfect communist state
Police state
Secret police used tanks and armored cars to stop riots
Telephone lines monitored, mail read…
Children told authorities about __________ members they had heard at home
The Great Purge
In 1934, Stalin turned against members of the ____________ Party.
In 1937, launched the ____________ which was a campaign of terror directed at eliminating anyone
who threatened his power.
Many of the old __________ that helped stage the Revolution in 1917 stood trial.
The result: many were executed or sent to labor camps for “for __________ against the Soviet
State.”
During this time Stalin gained total control of the Soviet government and the Communist Part
Historians estimate that Stalin was responsible for 8 million to 13
million deaths.
Russian Propaganda and Censorship
__________ government controlled all newspapers, motion pictures, ________, and other sources
of information.
The Communist Party’s newspaper was called the __________.
Stalin did not tolerate individual creativity and so many __________, writers, and composers fell
victim to censorship.
Media’s purpose was to glorify the achievements of ________, Stalin and his economic programs.
Education and Indoctrination
Under Stalin the government controlled all education from nursery school through universities.
School children learned the virtues of ____________.
College professors or university students that questioned the Communist party risked being _______
or imprisoned.
The importance of _________ and hard work to build the Communist state were stressed.
Religious Persecution
Communists aimed to replace religious teachings with the ideals of ___________.
So, under Stalin, the government and the League of the Militant Godless, an officially sponsored
group of ___________, spread propaganda attacking religion.
“Museums of Atheism” attempted to show religion as a superstition.
Many still clung to their __________.
The Russian Orthodox ___________ was the main target of persecution.
Many churches and synagogues were destroyed and many ___________ leaders were killed or sent
to labor camps.
Stalin’s Control of the Economy
In 1928, Stalin’s plan called for a ________ economy which was system in which the government
made all economic decisions.
Stalin outlined his plans for improving the economy in what is known as his ____________.
The Five-Year Plan set impossibly high _________ to increase the output of steel, ____, and
electricity.
In order to achieve Stalin’s target goals, sacrifices among _________ were made. This meant that
people faced severe shortages of necessities such as housing, food, and clothing.
Did the Five-Year Plan Work?
Almost all of the targets fell ________, however, the Soviets did make substantial gains in areas
such as coal and ________.
Stalin launched a _________ Plan in 1933 which proved equally successful.
From 1928-1937, industrial production of steel increased by more than ___ percent.
Collectivization
In 1928, the government began seizing about 25 million __________ owned farms in the USSR.
These farms were combined to create one large government owned farm known as _________
farms.
________ that worked on these farms were called collectives.
Resistance
Not everyone willingly accepted __________ farms.
Resistance was especially strong among a group of wealthy peasants known as kulaks.
The Soviet government tried to eliminate them.
Some Peasants actively fought the government’s attempt to take their lands. Some destroyed their
livestock and destroyed crops in protest.
Which animals, similar to kulaks, in Animal Farm resisted Napoleon’s rule?
Life Under Stalin
Women’s roles greatly expanded.
People better _________ and mastered new technical skills
High demand for ___________ workers so many sought University and technical training
However,
Personal ________ limited
Consumer goods in short supply
_________ prohibited
Women Gain Rights
*_________ Revolution of 1917= men and women equal
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After Stalin became __________
– Women no choice but to join ________ force
– State provided child ________ for all working mothers
– Many worked in ___________ and in construction
– Men still held the best jobs
– Women given educational opportunities which prepared them for positions in fields such as
engineering and science.
– By 1950, women made up 75%of Soviet _________
Women’s rising status came at a price.
In addition to full-time jobs, women still remained responsible for the _________ and _________.
Totalitarian regimes consider motherhood a _________ duty where women are expected to provide
the state with future generations of loyal, obedient citizens.
Total Control Achieved
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By the mid-1930s, Stalin had transformed the Soviet Union into a ___________ regime and a
dominant industrial and political power.
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He created a period of total social control and rule by ________, rather than a constitutional
government.
• Similar to Russia, China would fall under the influence of Karl Marx’s theories and Communist
beliefs.
*_______ Zedong would transform China into a totalitarian Communist state.
Fascism Rises in Europe
Chapter 15, Section 3
Many democracies such as the United States, Great Britain, and France, remained strong even
during the Great Depression. However, some nations, during this period lost faith in _________
governments and began to turn to an extreme system of government known as -________.
Fascists promised:
• To revive the economy
• Punish those __________ for hard times
• Restore order and national _________
People still angered by WWI ________ treaties (such as the Treaty of Versailles) and frustrated by
the Great Depression were attracted the message of __________.
Fascism
Fascism: new, __________ political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience
to its leader.
Fascists:
Preached an extreme form of ___________
Believed nation’s must struggle and so peaceful states were doomed to be conquered.
They pledged loyalty to an authoritarian ___________ who guided and brought order to the state.
Wore uniforms of a certain color, used special saluted, and held mass rallies.
Fascism vs. Communism
They both:
Were ruled by _________
Allowed only their political party
Denied individual rights
_________ supreme
Did not practice democracy
However,
Fascists did ______ seek a classless society.
Fascists believed each class had a ________ and __________.
Fascists were ____________.
Communists were _____________ wanting to unite workers worldwide
Mussolini Takes Control
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Fascism’s rise in _________ was mainly because of Italy’s disappointment in acquiring large
territorial gains in the 1919 __________ Conference.
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Also, rising ___________ and unemployment contributed to widespread social unrest.
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A newspaper __________ and politician, Mussolini promised to rescue Italy by reviving its
economy and rebuilding its armed forces.
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He _________ to give strong leadership.
People began to feel the democratic government could not solve the problems and so felt the need
of a __________ who would take action.
And so the stage is set for :
Benito Mussolini
Founded the __________ party in 1919.
Economic conditions worsened and so his popularity increased.
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Mussolini publicly criticized Italy’s ___________.
Groups of fascists wearing _______ shirts attacked __________ and Socialists on the streets.
Mussolini played on the fear of a worker’s revolt and so gained support from the _______ class,
aristocracy, and industrial leaders.
In October 1922, about 30,000 Fascists marched in _______ demanding that King Victor Emmanuel
III put Mussolini in charge of the government.
After widespread _________ and a threatened uprising, Mussolini took power.
Il Duce
Mussolini was known as _________ means leader. He abolished democracy.
He outlawed all political parties except the __________.
Secret _________ jailed his opponents.
Government censors forced radio stations and publications to broadcast or publish only ________
doctrines.
__________ were outlawed.
However, Mussolini never had total control achieved by Joseph _________ in the Soviet Union or
Adolf _________ in Germany.
Hitler Rises to Power in Germany
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During WWI, Hitler volunteered for the German ________.
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This group later renames itself the National Socialist German Workers’ party, called _______ for
short.
After the war, Hitler settled in __________.
In 1919, he joined a tiny right-winged political group.
This group shared Hitler’s belief that Germany should overturn the _________ of Versailles and
combat communism.
The Nazi’s policy formed the German version of fascism known as __________.
The __________, or hooked cross, was adopted as their symbol.
The Nazis did not invent the swastika, but merely adopted a symbol that had been used by many
civilizations throughout history. It had been found on Greek coins and Celtic monuments in
Europe, Byzantine buildings and Buddhist inscriptions in Asia, and Indian artifacts in North and
South America.
The Nazi set up a private militia called storm troopers or __________.
Within a short time, Hitler’s success as a powerful speaker led him to be chosen as der Fuhrer or the
leader, of the ________ party.
Inspired by Mussolini’s march on Rome, Hitler and the Nazis planned to seize power of _______ in
1923.
The attempt failed and Hitler was arrested.
He was tried for ___________ and sentenced to five years but only served 9 months.
Mein Kampf
While in jail, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, which means __________.
This book set forth the beliefs and his goals for _________.
Hitler asserted that the Germans, whom he incorrectly called “_______” were a “master race.”
He declared that non-Aryan “races,” such as Jews, Slavs, and Gypsies, were _________.
He called the Versailles Treaty an outrage and vowed to regain German lands.
He also said Germany was getting too crowded and needed more lebenstraum, or __________.
He promised to get more space by conquering Eastern Europe and ________.
In 1924, ________ left prison and revived the Nazi party.
Most Germans ignored him and his angry message. However, when American loans stopped, the
________ economy collapsed.
________ unrest broke out.
Frightened and confused, Germans
now turned to ________, hoping
for security and firm leadership.
Hitler Becomes Chancellor
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By 1932, the _________ had become the biggest political party.
Conservative leaders mistakenly believed they could control Hitler and use him for their purposes.
President Paul von ________ named Hitler __________.
So, Hitler came to power legally.
Hitler in Office
Hitler called for new _________. He hoped to win a parliamentary majority.
Six days before the election, a fire destroyed the Reichstag building (where the parliament met).
Stirring up fear, the Nazis blamed the ____________.
The Nazis and the allies won by a slim majority.
Hitler used his power to turn Germany into a __________ state.
Hitler:
Banned all other political parties and had _________ arrested.
Created an elite, black-uniformed unit called _____ (Schutzstaffel, or protection squad).
The SS was _________ only to Hitler.
In 1934, the SS arrested and murdered hundreds of Hitler’s enemies.
Hitler’s secret police, the ________, also terrorized German citizens.
Hitler leads ______
The Fuhrer is Supreme
Hitler wanted more than just economic and political control. He wanted to _______ control over
every aspect of German life.
Hitler used press, ________, literature, painting, and film as propaganda pieces.
________ that did not conform to Nazi beliefs were burned in huge bonfires.
_________ were forbidden to criticize Nazis or government.
School children had to join __________ (for boys) or the League of German Girls.
Hitler Makes War on the Jews
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A key part of Nazi ideology was _________, or hatred of Jews.
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Even though Jews made up about ______ of the German population, the Nazis made them the
__________ for all Germany’s troubles since the war.
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This began a wave of anti-Semitism that swept Germany.
In 1933, the Nazis passed laws depriving Jews of most of their rights.
Violence against Jews mounted.
On the night of November 9,1938, Nazi mobs attacked _______ in their homes and on the streets.
Thousands of Jewish owned buildings were destroyed. This rampage is known as Kristallnacht
which means _______ of the ________ Glass.
This is the night that signaled the real _______ of the process of _________ the Jews from German
life.
Other Countries Fall to Dictators
• Nations that had formed after WWI in Eastern Europe were also falling to ___________.
• Hungary, 1919, after a brief __________ regime, __________ forces and wealthy landowners
joined to make Admiral Miklos Horthy the first European postwar dictator.
• Poland, Marshal Jozef Pilsudski seized power in 1926.
• In Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, and Romania, kings suspended _________ and silenced foes
assuming a more dictatorial rule.
• In 1935, the only democracy remained in Eastern Europe: ______________.
In the mid-1930s, the powerful nations of the world were split into two antagonistic camps:
_________ and ___________.
Although all of the dictatorships restricted civil rights, none asserted control with the brutality of the
______________ or the ________.