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Biology 2121
Study guide test #3
Chapter 8: Arthrology
1. Define arthology
2. Describe and list the joints that are classified as structural and those that are
functional.
3. Identify the joints that are fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.
4. What are the five properties of a synovial joint?
5. Identify the six types of synovial joints
6. What are bursae?
7. Define all terms associated with angular movements
8. Define all terms associated with special movements.
Muscle Tissue
1. Identify the characteristics of the three distinct muscle tissue types such as voluntary,
involuntary, where they are found (bone, hollow organs, heart), number of nuclei.
Remember cardiac muscle has intercalated discs. What are the functions of intercalated
discs?
2. Describe the 4 main characteristics and functions of muscle tissue
3. Muscle tissue is derived from the _________________ layer of the embryo
4. Identify all organizational levels of muscle tissue (from bone, tendon and epimysium
down to the sarcomere).
5. Identify the main structures of a muscle cell (fiber)
- sarcolemma
- sarcoplasmic reticulum
- T-tubule
- terminal cisternae
- triad
- what is found in sarcoplasm
6. Identify all zones, bands and lines present in a sarcomere.
7. What are the two main myofilaments?
8. What 4 proteins are found in an actin filament?
9. A sarcomere is defined as the basic structural unit of muscle tissue and is seen
extending from ___ disc to ___ disc.
10. What makes up a motor unit.
11. Identify all components (covered in lecture) related to the anatomy of the
neuromuscular junction.
12. Describe the sequence in the initiation of a muscle contraction.
- calcium enters the terminal axon
- synaptic vesicles float towards the axonal membrane
- acetylcholine (Ach) is exocytosed into synaptic cleft
- Ach binds to Ach receptors
- motor end plate depolarizes (Na+ rushes in) impulse towards T-tubules
- acetylcholinesterase breaks down excessive Ach.
13. Define depolarization, action potential and repolarization.
14, What is an all or none response?
15. Describe the steps involved in excitation-coupling contraction
- impulse travels down t-tubule
- stimulates terminal cisternae to release Ca++
- calcium binds to troponin subunit and shifts to present active site to myosin head
- myosin head binds to active site and power stroke pulls actin filament forward.
- Z-discs distance is reduced.
These sliding filaments make up the ____________ ___________ theory.
16. Identify the three phases of a myogram.
17. What is the function of calsequestrin?
18. How many ATP are produced by way of the three metabolic reactions covered in
class.
Muscle System
1. The four functional groups of muscle are:
2. Define parallel, pennate, convergent and circular fascicular arrangement.
3. What is the difference between a direct and indirect tendinous attachment?
4. Define origin and insertion
5. Identify the O, I, N, A of these muscles
- deltoid
- pectoralis major
- triceps brachii
- biceps brachii
- gluteus maximus
- sternocleidomastoid
- trapezius
6. Identify the O, I ,A of these muscles
- temporalis
- orbicularis oculi
- rectus abdominus
- diaphragm
- rectus femoris
- biceps femoris
- rhomboid major
7. Identify the A of these muscles
- intercostals
- erector spinae
- masseter
- orbicularis oris
- teres major
- iliopsoas
- sartorius
- gracilis
- tensor fascia lata
- tibialis anterior
- rhomboid major
- latissimus dorsi
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
8. What four muscles make up the rotator cuff?
9. Name two muscles that are common sites for an intramuscular (IM) injection)
Fundamentals of the Nervous System
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List the 3 functions of the nervous system
What parts make up the CNS? PNS?
What are the main divisions of the nervous system?
Define Parasympathetic and Sympathetic.
The two cells of the N.S. are _______________ and _______________
Compare and contrast glial cells of the CNS and PNS.
What are the characteristics of a neuron? Three functional types?
Name the three main regions of a typical neuron.
Neuron cell bodies found in the CNS are called ____________________
Neuron cell bodies found in the PNS are called ____________________
What are Nissle bodies?
Identify the main parts of a neuron:
-
dendrites
axon
axon hillock
terminal branches
telodendria
nodes of Ranvier
axolemma
axoplasm
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What is saltitory conduction?
Myelin helps the impulse travel _________________________
Define anterograde. Retrograde.
Where is gray matter found in the CNS? White matter?
What are the characteristics of a multipolar neuron? Bipolar neuron? Unipolar neuron?
Give an example where each is found.
99% of neurons in the body are ___________________
What is resting membrane potential?
Define polarized. Depolarization. Repolarization. Hyperpolarization.
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What is the standard mV for the RMP? Hyperpolarization?
________________ channels are always open.
What is an action potential? Graded potential?
Junction between two nerve cells is called ______________________
Define presynaptic. Postsynaptic.
During the RMP there is an abundance of ________ ions on the surface of the
axolemma. Once stimulated ___________ channels open and _________ rushes in.
Identify the following neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine. Dopamine. Serotonin.
Endorphins.
Differentiate between passive versus active gates (channels)
Discuss the functional role of chemical versus voltage gates as well as the locations on a
Neuron.
Define synapse and distinguish between an electrical and chemical synapse both
structurally and functionally.