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Study Guide for 2nd Astronomy Exam The successful student will be able to… Unit 51: The Sun, Our Star List or identify the vital statistics of the Sun (51.1 and class handout). Describe the Sun in terms of a 2-layer model (51.2 and class handout). Unit 51: The Suns Source of Power Describe, in an essay, how the Sun produces energy. Unit 54: Surveying the Stars (54.2 & 54.3) Describe or identify how a parsec is defined. Convert stellar distances between parsecs and light years. Use the stellar parallax formula D pc 1 p" to solve problems List or identify the definition of the stellar motion terms. Interpret stellar apparent magnitudes and their relationship to brightness. Interpret stellar absolute magnitudes and their relationship to luminosity. Solve problems relating to the relative brightness or luminosity of two stars given their m or M values. Unit 56: The Temperatures and Compositions of Stars (56.2 & 56.5) Apply Wien’s Law T 2.9 10 6 K nm Max to a star. Determine the hottest and coolest stars from a list of stars with their spectral types. Practice Exercise Write an outline summarizing the net p-p chain, defining symbols and discussing the origin of each. Discuss thermalization and the rate of mass loss. Write the definition of a parsec. Convert 500 pc into ly and 500 ly into pc. Verify that a star with a parallax 0.00229” is at a distance of 2,600 ly. Define Proper Motion and give an example of it. Define the space velocity. Answer the questions on the Canis Major constellation sheet on Hot Tips How many times brighter is a star with m = -1 compared to a star with m = 6? How many time more luminous than the Sun is a star with M = -8? At what wavelength will a F0 star (7,200 K) emit its maximum energy? What part of the EM spectrum is this in? What is the approximate Spectral Type of the star whose spectrum is shown to the right? You’ll need to use the appendix in the text on Properties of Main Sequence Stars. Complete the Take Home Quiz on Hot Tips under Week 9 State or identify a characteristic temperature for an O star, a G2 star and an M star. Unit 57: The Masses of Stars (57.1, 57.2) Describe or identify types of binary stars. State or identify what additional information can be obtained from and eclipsing binaries besides the combined mass of the stars. Determine the combined mass of a binary star system using a3 m A mB AU2 Pyr List the radius, volume and mass of the Sun compared to the Earth. List the surface and core temperatures of the Sun. List the defining property of the Core and the characteristics of the core and envelope. Create a pictorial representation of the four types of binary stars using hypothetical spectral types and distances. Write the properties of the stars in an eclipsing binary star system that can be determined. Two stars orbit each other with an orbital semimajor axis of 20 AU and an orbital period of 30 years. What is their combined mass? If they are both main sequence stars, what spectral types can they not be? You’ll need to use the appendix in the text on Properties of Main Sequence Stars. Draw, by hand, a blank HR diagram that is properly labeled and includes the Main Sequence. Complete the Take Home Quiz on Hot Tips under Week 9 Complete this table. Write down the physical composition and dimensional characteristics of a GMC. Describe why proto-stars are hot. How does the initial mass function or birth function explain why there are so many K and M main sequence stars. List the upper and lower stellar mass limits with the reason for these limits. Create a list of steps describing how a GMC transforms into an Open Cluster, include OB association, HII region in the list Use the Astronomy Picture of the Day “Search” feature to see examples of these objects. Unit 58: The Sizes of Stars (58.3) Solve problems with the Stefan-Boltzmann Law L 4R 2 T 4 similar to HW problems. Unit 59: The H-R Diagram (59.1, 59.2, 59.3) Properly label the axes of an HR diagram and identify the regions Utilize the HR to identify a star’s luminosity, temperature, radius and mass. Interpret the luminosity class of a star by naming the luminosity class (Table 59.1) and identifying if the star is in the “adult” phase or the “nursing home” phase of its evolution. Unit 61: Star Formation Describe the physical characteristics of a giant molecular cloud Identify the source of heating (energy production) in protostars Explain why more low-mass K & M main sequence stars form rather than the high-mass O & B stars. List the mass limits of stars and explain why these limits apply. Describe the processes and stages of star formation from a giant molecular cloud to an open cluster. Identify in a photograph the following objects: a GMC, Bok Luminosity Class V IV III II I Name “Adult” or “Nursing Home” stage Globule, OB Association, HII region, Open Cluster Interpret the physical changes of a forming star on an HR diagram. Identify and define the ZAMS line on an HR diagram. Describe the relationship between OB associations and HII regions. Unit 62: Main Sequence Stars List or identify the luminosity, mass, radius, temperature, and lifetime of an O main sequence star, the Sun and an M main sequence star. State the impact of convection in the envelope of very low mass stars on the stars main sequence lifetime. Describe or identify changes in a star during its main sequence lifetime. Unit 63: Giant Stars Describe how shell fusion in a star causes the star to become a giant. Identify the “ashes” of H-burning and He-burning Unit 65: Mass loss and Death of Low-Mass Stars Match the stage of the Sun’s future evolution with the mechanism of energy production in that stage. Identify on an HR diagram the stage of the Sun’s evolution and its mechanism of energy production. List in chronological order the mechanisms of energy production in Sun-like stars. List in chronological order the stages of evolution in Sunlike stars. Describe the relation between the Helium Flash and the creation of a planetary nebula. Describe the components and characteristics of a planetary nebula. Identify the characteristics of white dwarf stellar remnants. Unit 67: Old age and Death of Massive Stars List the differences in energy production between low-mass stars and high-mass stars. Describe the interior structure of a high-mass star near the end of its lifetime. Identify the types of stars that will experience a corecollapse (Type II) supernova. Identify the composition of the core of a star about to experience a core-collapse (Type II) supernova. Describe two reasons why type II supernova a very useful standard candles. Describe the impact of supernovas on the chemical evolution of the universe. Write out the acronym ZAMS and describe n words where it is on the HR Diagram. Use the fluorescent light bulb analogy to describe the relationship between an OB association and an HII region Complete the Take Home Quiz on Hot Tips under Week 9 Summarize how convection can extend the lifetime of the lowest mass main sequence stars (see section 62.2) Summarize the three paragraphs of section 62.4 in three sentences. Problems Apply Wien’s Law to find the temperature of a star or its wavelength of maximum emission. Use the Stefan-Boltzmann Law to determine the luminosity, radius or temperature of a star compared to the Sun. Calculate the density of a star or other spherical object. Calculate the main sequence lifetime of a star. Use the angular size formula to determine the distance, or size of an astronomical object. Use t=d/v to solve problems related to the collapse or expansion of star-related objects Plus proportions and ratios