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Double circulation in mammals Heart Blood The mammalian circulation plan Lung Blood vessels pulmonary circulation systemic circulation All other parts of the body Circulatory system As blood passes through heart twice, this also known as double circulation The pulmonary circulation 3 The blood becomes oxygenated 1 Deoxygenated blood in right ventricle 2 The blood is pumped through pulmonary artery into lungs for gas exchange 4 The blood flows through pulmonary veins to left auricle The human circulatory system What’s wrong with him? Tissue fluid RBC plasma body cell capillary bed The systemic circulation 3 O2 and nutrients diffuse into cells while CO2 and wastes diffuse out 1 Oxygenated blood in left ventricle 2 The blood is pumped through aorta to all parts of the body except lungs 4 The blood flows through inferior/ superior vena cava to right auricle The human circulatory system The systemic circulation After digestion The blood flows through inferior vena cava back to right auricle Nutrients from the small intestine diffuse into the blood The blood flows through hepatic vein to liver The human circulatory system Formation of the tissue fluid At arterial end : Blood Osmotic pressure pressure arteriole Tissue fluid Plasma except RBC and protein are forced out of the capillaries tissue fluid body cell capillary bed red blood cell Formation of the tissue fluid Tissue fluid is similar to blood plasma but NO plasma proteins and red blood cells Too large to be forced through capillary wall tissue fluid capillary bed Formation of the tissue fluid At venous end : Blood Osmotic pressure pressure some tissue fluid return to capillaries by osmosis. lymph venule capillary bed Lymphatic system Transport of tissue fluid back into blood circulation Note: Exchange of Materials It is carried out by diffusion through the whole length of capillaries ( not tissue fluid formation) (B.P. > O.P.) (O.P. > B.P.) substance pressed out to the tissue cells O.P.= osmotic pressure B.P.= blood pressure O.P. substances diffused into the blood capillary O.P. B.P. arteriole end B.P. blood flow venule end The lymphatic system Lymphatic system Lymph vessels Lymph collect excess tissue fluid and return them to vein (blood circulation) in neck is the tissue fluid inside lymph vessels Lymph vessels Lymph capillaries collect excess tissue fluid in the capillaries beds. tissue fluid enters Lymph capillaries from different parts of the body join to form lymph vessels. valve closed Eventually, lymph is returned to the blood. lymph capillary How lymph moves within lymph vessels? Lymph flows in similar way Skeletal muscles surround the vessels contract Do you remember how blood flows inside veins ? Valves to prevent backflow of lymph Lymph nodes lymph node • swellings along the lymph vessels • presence of white blood cells – filter lymph kill bacteria and micro-organisms lymph nodes group of lymph nodes Functions of the lymphatic system 2 Transport of fats 4 As a site for body absorbed from lacteals in defence (lymph intestinal villi into the nodes) blood 3 As a bridge for the exchange of materials between capillaries and the tissue cells (tissue fluid) 1 Transport of tissue fluid back into blood circulation