Download 17 relate the effects of thermal energy to kinetic molecular theory

AKS 2008-2009—Spring Benchmark Review
17 relate the effects of thermal energy to kinetic molecular theory (GPS, HSGT) (SCPH_C2005-17)
17a - investigate molecular motion as it relates to thermal energy in terms of conduction, convection and radiation (GPS)
17b - investigate the transformation of energy in real systems (i.e., a motor changes electrical energy to mechanical energy) (GPS)
17c - define temperature in terms of kinetic energy and common temperature scales (GPS)
17d - distinguish between internal energy and heat (GPS)
17e - explain how the quantity of heat that enters or leaves a system is measured (GPS)
17f - distinguish between work done on a system and work done by a system (GPS)
17-1. When Cierra proclaimed that the room was too cold, her physics teacher replied that there really isn’t a physical thing called
“cold.” The room really had more thermal energy than the cup of steaming hot coffee that was sitting on his desk. What is the best
explanation for his reply?
17-2. The Sun is powered by _______________________.
17-3. The time required for half the atoms in any given quantity of a radioactive isotope to decay is the ____________ of that
element.
17-4 What is the most penetrating form of radiation?
17-5 The earth’s core is heated by a _______________ reaction.
17-6 The “c” in Einstein’s equations stands for ___________________
17-7 Native North Americans are noted for their understanding of how to apply physics. They would rub two sticks of hard wood
together to build a fire. What is the energy transfer process?
USE THE FOLLOWING CHOICES TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 17-8 to 17-13.
(A) radiation
(B) conduction
(C)convection (D) no transfer of energy
17-8. Hot air rises up a chimney.
17-9. You use heat lamp to keep food warm in a buffet line.
17-10. An iron rod gets hot when held in a fire.
17-11. A black car gets VERY hot on the inside.
17-12. You put insulation in your home to save on energy bills.
17-13. A microwave cooks food.
17-14. Why are metals good conductors of heat ?
17-15. All waves are made of _______.
Use the following temperature vs. KINETIC ENERGY graph to answer the next questions..
17-16. What is the independent variable on this graph?
17-17. What type of relationship is represented by the graph?
17-18 What is the dependent variable on the graph above?
17-19 Determine the slope of the graph. Be sure to include the units.
17-20 What is the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy?
AKS 2008-2009—Spring Benchmark Review
D - Electricity and Magnetism
19 analyze and describe electrostatics (GPS, HSGT) (SCPH_D2005-19)
19a - explain the nature of electric charge (GPS)
19a1 - compare and contrast the two types of charges and their conservation
19a2 - compare and contrast the properties of conductors and insulators
19a3 - explain various methods of moving charges
19b - explain and apply Coulomb’s Law to determine attractive/repulsive force that acts between two point charges
19d - calculate uniform electric fields using E=F/q
19e - sketch electric field patterns for isolated point charges, two like point charges, two unlike point charges, and parallel plates
19-1. Several electric field line patterns are shown in the diagrams
below. Which of these patterns are incorrect? _________ Explain
what is wrong with all incorrect diagrams.
19-2. Consider the electric field lines shown in the diagram to the left. From the diagram, it is apparent
that object A is ____ and object B is ____.
19-3 What would happen to the force between the two charges if the distance was doubled?
19-4 What would happen to the force between the two charges if the distance was reduced to 1/3 the
original distance?
19-5. Consider the electric field lines drawn at the right for a configuration of two
charges. Several locations are labeled on the diagram. Rank these locations in order
of the electric field strength - from smallest to largest.
19-6 How many electrons are in one coulomb?
19-7 State Coulomb’s law {write the formula as well}.
19-8 If a 2Coulomb charge and a 5 Coulomb charge are .25m apart. What is the electrical force between them?
19-9 A negatively charged particle is experiencing a 9 N force from a stationary positively charged particle. If it is moved to 3 times its original
distance, what will be the force on the charge?
20 explain the concept of electric potential (SCPH_D2005-20)
20a - calculate the potential difference and apply it to a uniform electric field
20b - calculate the work done to move a charge through a uniform electric field
20-1.The graphs to the left were produced from the Electric Force
(field) and the distance between 2 charges. Which graph correctly
shows the relationship between those 2 quantities?
20-2.What Law is shown in the graph from the previous question?
20-3 Calculate the work done to move 3 coulombs of charge using
120volts of potential difference.
20-4 The potential difference between two parallel plates is 2500V. If
the distance between the two plates is 1mm, calculate the electric field
in N/C.
AKS 2008-2009—Spring Benchmark Review
21 calculate the values of current, voltage, resistance and power in various circuits using Ohm's Law (GPS, HSGT) (SCPH_D200521)
21a - relate electric power to current and voltage
21b - compare and contrast series and parallel circuits
21c - construct and analyze simple series and parallel DC circuits in the laboratory
21c1 - demonstrate proper use of ammeters and voltmeters in measuring voltage, current, and resistance through the use of Ohm’s Law
21d - illustrate and analyze steady-state DC circuits in series and parallel to determine the voltage across, current through, total resistance of and power
dissipated/added by each element in the circuit (GPS)
21e - explain the nature of household circuits and the use of fuses and circuit breakers within them
21e1 - calculate the cost of using electrical energy (kW-hr) in electrical appliances
21f - explain the flow of electrons in terms of alternating and direct current, the relationship between voltage, resistance, and current, and simple series and parallel
circuits (GPS)
21-1.Calculate the resistance of the lamp given the voltage and current in the diagram.
21-2.What would happen to the resistance of the lamp if its temperature increases?
Use the diagram to the left to answer questions 21-3 to 21-7
21-3.Which of the above lines represents the resistor with the Greatest resistance?
21-4.Which of the above lines represents the resistor with the Least resistance?
21-5.Which of the lines represents the resistor with the greatest Conductance?
21-6 Which of the lines in the graph would be hotter to the touch after the current is flowing?
21-7.Which of the lines on the graph to the right represents a resistor that will allow the greatest amount
of current to pass through it?
21-8.Calculate the resistor that can be used to replace the 3 resistors to the right.
(Equivalent Resistance or total resistance)
21-9.How much current is moving through each resistor to the right?
21-10.What is the voltage drop [or voltage difference] across each resistor to the right?
In questions 21-11 to 21-15 use the diagram to the left.
21-11.Calculate the resistor that can be used to replace the 2 resistors to the left.
(Equivalent Resistance)
21-12.How much Voltage is across each resistor? (What is the voltage drop?)
21-13.Calculate the current that is travelling through the 6.0Ω resistor.
21-14.Calculate the current that is travelling through the 3.0Ω resistor.
21.15 How much current must the voltage source provide to the circuit ?
21-16 Determine the power of a circuit if 15 volts is pushing 4 amps of current.
21-17 List two advantages of using a parallel circuit.
21-18 List two disadvantages of using a parallel circuit.
21-19 Identify the following for household current:
a)AC or DC b) voltage= _______
c) frequency= _________
or series
Use the Circuit B to the left and answer the following questions.
d) parallel
AKS 2008-2009—Spring Benchmark Review
21-20 If the total Voltage in the circuit is the sum of the individual voltage drops in the circuit, what is the total voltage applied to the circuit?
21-21 If R1 is 5 ohms, what is the current flowing through that resistor?
21-22 Given the answer to the previous question, what is the current flowing through this circuit?
21-22 What type of circuit is shown in circuit B?
21-23 What is the value of R2 and R3 based on you know about this circuit?
22 analyze (via laboratory analysis) the properties of magnetic fields and their relationship to electric fields (GPS, HSGT)
(SCPH_D2005-22)
22a - explain the properties of temporary and permanent magnets (GPS)
22b - explain the N-S pole convention and map direction of the magnetic field lines around magnets (GPS)
22c - describe the magnetic field around a current- carrying straight wire using the Right Hand Rule (GPS)
22d - illustrate the interaction of electricity and magnetism by using electricity to create a magnetic field and by using magnetic induction to create an electric field
(GPS)
22e - calculate the strength of the magnetic field around an electromagnet using the current and the number of turns in the wire
(GPS)
22f - explain the interplay of electric and magnetic forces as the basis for electric motors and generators (GPS)
22g - explain the transmission of electric power (GPS)
22-1 Which one of the illustrations to the left correctly shows the magnetic field of 2 north poles of a
magnet facing each other?
22-2 If more lines were drawn in the diagram, what would this represent about the force between
the magnets?
22-3 How do the magnetic lines of force differ for the south pole of a magnet?
22-4 List three techniques for increasing the magnetic strength of an electromagnet.
22-5 What materials can be magnetized?
22-6 What is the “right-hand rule” relationship between electricity flow and a magnetic field?
22-7 Explain the diagram of this simple electric motor based on the picture and your
knowledge of current flow and magnetic field forces.
22-8 A generator is like an electric motor except that the loop of wire is __________
by a ________________ force in a ____________ field. The purpose of a generator is
to transform ______________ energy into ______________ energy.
AKS 2008-2009—Spring Benchmark Review
E – Waves
23 analyze the properties of waves (GPS, HSGT) (SCPH_E2005-23)
23a – explain matter as a particle and as a wave (GPS)
23b - describe waves as a means of transporting energy (GPS)
23c - explain the production and propagation of waves created by simple harmonic motion (i.e.,
pendulum/spring motion) (GPS)
23d - compare and contrast mechanical and electromagnetic waves (GPS)
23e - compare and contrast longitudinal and transverse waves (GPS)
23f- explain the relationship between wavelength, frequency, and wave speed (GPS)
23g- demonstrate and explain the general wave properties of reflection, refraction, interference, and diffraction (GPS)
23h - explain the relationship between the phenomena of interference and the principle of superposition (GPS)
Use the figure below to answer questions 1-4
23-1. What letter identifies the crest of this wave?
23-2. What letter identifies the trough of this wave?
23-3. If the wave begins at A what letter will mark one complete wavelength?
23-4. Which two letters indicate the amplitude of the wave?
23-5. What types of waves can not travel through space?
Use the following diagram to answer questions 23-6 to 23-9.
23-6. Which diagram above best represents refraction?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
23-7 Which diagram above best represents diffraction?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
23-8. Which diagram above best represents interference?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
23-9. Which diagram best represent reflection?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
23-10 A wave whose energy travels in the direction of the wave is called a _________________ wave.
23-11. What prefix means x10-9 ?
23-12. What formula is used to calculate the energy of EM radiation?
23-13. What is the part of a mechanical wave that represents the energy of
the wave?
23-14 .In picture A to the right, the waves are illustrating a behavior of all
waves called __________________________?
23-15. In picture B to the right, the amplitude of the resulting wave is
______________________ the two original waves.
23-16 A type of mechanical wave that travels in one direction, but the energy
transmission is perpendicular to the movement of the wave is called a
________________________ wave.
AKS 2008-2009—Spring Benchmark Review
23-17 A rhythmic disturbance that carries energy through matter is called a ____________
23-18 Calculate the period of a wave that takes 4 seconds to move only to the left before beginning its swing back to the right……..
23-19 Determine the speed of a wave that has a wavelength of 15 cm and a frequency of 10 hertz.____________
23-20 What is the frequency of a wave that has a speed of 240mm per second and a wavelength of 12 mm?
23-21 A child on a swing moves back and forth in 2.5 seconds. Calculate the period and frequency of the swing.
23-22 Mechanical waves require a ___________ for transmission, EM waves do not. EM waves are the movement of a ___________.
23-23 . What type of electromagnetic radiation is commonly used in the fast food industry as “heat lamps”?
24 analyze the properties of sound (GPS, HSGT) (SCPH_E2005-24)
24a - explain the relationship between wavelength, frequency, period and wave speed as applied to sound waves (GPS)
24b - demonstrate and solve problems of apparent frequency changes due to Doppler Effect (GPS)
24c - use the law of reflection as it applies to echoes (GPS)
24d - explain the relationship of the speed of sound to temperature and elasticity of a medium (GPS)
24e - illustrate interference of sound waves to produce harmonics and resonance in various types of musical instruments, sound recordings, stringed instruments,
open and closed pipes, and percussion (GPS)
24f - identify ranges for infrasonic, ultrasonic, and audible sounds
24g - describe applications of sound to sonar, ultrasound, and bats (GPS)
24-1 Sound travels faster in a [solid, liquid or gas] ? Explain
24-2 What is the term given to the reflection of sound?
24-3 If it takes 3 seconds for a sonar signal to leave and return to its source in mapping the ocean floor. If the speed of sound in
water seawater @15 degrees C is 1500m/s, what is the depth of the ocean floor?
24-4 What is the range of human hearing?
24-5 What term is given to sounds that are of a higher frequency that human hearing?
24-6 Elephants, giraffes, and whales communicate using sound waves that are infrasonic. What does this mean and what is the
advantage of this type of sound waves?
24-7 Which of the following behaviors of waves does not apply to sound? Explain.
(A)refraction
(B)reflection
(C)diffraction (D)interference (E)polarization
The diagram to the right shows radar waves being emitted from
a stationary police car and reflected by a moving car back to the
police car.
24-8.The difference in apparent frequency between the
incident and reflected waves is an example of
______________________________
24-9. What is the speed of sound at 200C?
24-10 If the speed of sound at 10oC is 337m/s, calculate the wavelength of a C note that is 254 Hz played on a cold day.
24-11 A sound being heard around a corner would be an example of ________________
24-12 Jose created a sound wave with twice the frequency of Cindy. What was true about the speed, wavelength and pitch of the
two waves?
AKS 2008-2009—Spring Benchmark Review
24-13 How do beats occur?
24-14 Andrea likes to play her music with more bass than treble. What is the difference between bass and treble?
24-15 A closed in tube resonates with a pitch that is ___________ as low as the pitch of an open end tube.
24-16 Bats use ______________ in order to locate their prey.
25 analyze the properties of light and optics (GPS, HSGT) (SCPH_E2005-25)
25a - explain the relationship between energy, frequency, wavelength and velocity for all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum (GPS)
25b - use the speed of light in distance-time calculations (GPS)
25c - distinguish between the colors of the visible light spectrum emphasizing the frequency, wavelength and energy associated with the colors (GPS)
25d - distinguish between plane and diffuse reflection, and analyze the image formed by a plane mirror (GPS)
25e - investigate and solve problems involving the refraction of light in relation to the speed of light in media, index of refraction, and angles of incidence and
refraction (Snells’s Law) (GPS)
25h - demonstrate interference and diffraction effects in a single slit, a double slit, and/or a multiple slit diffraction grating and thin film (include the relationship
between spectra and atomic structure) (GPS)
25i - explain the polarization of light (GPS)
25j - demonstrate the dispersion of white light into a color spectrum and the addition of primary and secondary colors to form white light
25k - distinguish between the primary colors of light and the primary colors of pigments
25l - apply the principles of light to lasers, fiber optics, rainbows, and prisms (GPS)
25m - construct ray diagrams and make calculations relating to focal length, image distance, object distance, and image magnification for curved mirrors and lenses
(GPS)
25n - apply image formation to lenses, cameras, telescopes, flat and curved mirrors, and eyewear (GPS)
Use the Venn diagram to the left. Circle A represents RED light, Circle B represents
GREEN, and circle C represents BLUE
25-1.What region would be yellow?
25-2. What region would be magenta?
25-3. What region would be white?
IF CIRCLE A REPRESENTS THE CYAN PIGMENT , CIRCLE B REPRESENTS THE
YELLOW PIGMENT, AND CIRCLE C REPRESNETS THE MAGENTA PIGMENT,
ANSWER QUESTIONS 32-34
25-4. What color would be found in region D?
25-5. What color would be found in region E?
26-6. What color would be formed if region A were mixed with region F?
25-7. Light arriving at a concave mirror on a path through the focal point is reflected _______________.
25-8. Because they transmit light readily, air, water, and glass are ______________________.
25-9. Light traveling at an angle into a denser medium is refracted ________________________ the normal.
25-10 Lenses that are thicker at the center _____________.
25-11.Apply the law of reflection to a plane mirror: the angle of incidence of a light ray is equal to _____________________________________.
25-12. An object is positioned beyond a concave mirror’s center of curvature. The image produced by the mirror is located _______________.
25-13. An object is placed between a convex lens’s center of curvature and its focal point. The image formed is _____________.
25-14. An object is situated between a concave mirror’s center of curvature and its focal point. The image formed in this case is
_____________________.
AKS 2008-2009—Spring Benchmark Review
25-15 Given that the speed of light in air is 3x108 m/s. A diamond has the highest index of refraction of any substance which is equal to 2. What is
the speed of light as it passes through a diamond?
25-17 Determine the index of refraction of crown glass if the speed of light through a sample of crown glass is 2x108 m/s.
25-18 Define “critical angle.” How is it calculated?
Use the diagram of a mirror to construct a ray diagram that will enable you to answer questions
25-19. What type of mirror is in the figure to the right.
25-20. Where is the image formed?
25-21. If C is 8cm from the mirror, what is the distance of F?
25-22. What type of image will this mirror produce?
25-23.Light arriving at this mirror on a path parallel to the axis is reflected----
Use the diagram of the mirror below and construct a ray diagram that will help to answer questions
25-24.Light arriving at this mirror on a path through the focal
point is reflected ______________________
25-25.The image formed by this mirror will be ____________ and
_____________
25-26. This type of mirror might carry a warning. Which of the
following would be an appropriate warning for this mirror?
(A) caution! The image is REAL
(B) Objects in mirror are closer than they appear
(C) The image is larger than the object
25-27. What types of images can be produced by a plane mirror?
(A)real, inverted, and same sized
(B)Real, inverted and smaller sized
(C)Virtual, erect and larger sized
(D)Virtual, erect and same sized
25-28. Many people who are myopic (near-sighted) wear
eyeglasses. These eyeglasses are made with concave lenses.
What type of image can be formed with a concave lens?
Use the following and construct a ray diagram which will help to answer questions
AKS 2008-2009—Spring Benchmark Review
25-29. What optical tool is pictured in the diagram above?
25-30 What type of image will this optical tool produce? Use three words to describe the image
25-31. This optical tool has a focal point of 3.2cm, what is the center of curvature?
25-32 A magnifying glass has a similar design. If the focal length of a magnifying glass is 4 cm and it is held 5 cm away from the stomata of a leaf,
where will the image be formed? [hint: draw a new diagram or use the formula]
25-33 Calculate the energy for a photon if it has a wavelength of 740 nm.
25-34 Determine the distance to the Sun if light takes 8 min to travel to the Earth.
F - Nuclear Physics
26 analyze nuclear decay and energy production by means of fission and fusion (GPS, HSGT) (SCPH_F2005-26)
26a - differentiate between alpha and beta particles and gamma radiation (GPS)
26a1 - balance nuclear equations involving various types of decay (GPS)
26a2 - explain how the instability of radioactive isotopes results in spontaneous nuclear reaction (GPS)
26b - differentiate between fission and fusion and the application of each as an energy source (GPS)
26c - explain the benefits and problems associated with using nuclear power as an alternative energy source (GPS)
26d - explain the process of half-life as related to radioactive decay (GPS)
26-1. 238 U 92  234 Th 90 + [ ] What should be in the bracket?
26-2. 222 Rn 86
222 Fr87
+ [ ] What should be in the bracket?
26-3. A gamma particle can be described as ____________.
26-4. A sample of unobtanium [a passing grade in physics], a radioactive material, has a half-life of 60 years. How much of this radioactive
material will be left at the end of 180 years [the length of time teaching at CGHS]?
26-5. Almost all elements consist of atomic nuclei containing _____.
26-6.An proton has a _____ charge.
26-7. If the radioactive half-life of element X is 10 years, how many grams of an original 200 gram sample of element X will remain after 30 years?
26-8. Atoms of different isotopes of the same element contain the same number of _____________________, but a different number of
____________________.
AKS 2008-2009—Spring Benchmark Review
26-9. Beta particles are _________________.
26-10. Einstein's equation, E=mc2 , can be used to find how much energy is produced when ______is converted to energy in a nuclear reaction.
26-11. Since the some of the mass of the individual subatomic particles is less after a nuclear reaction and considering Einstein’s equations, it
can be said that the energy release in a nuclear reaction comes from ________.
26-12 How many neutrons in the following isotope of sodium,
22
Na 11 ?
26-13. A benefit of using nuclear power is that it ______________________________________
26-14.List 4 facts about nuclear fission ?
26-15. In the nuclear equation,
C 147N  X
14
6
, the X represents a ________________________.
26-16. Nuclear fusion occurs when __________________.
26-17. Nuclear power plants use the nuclear reaction known as _______.
26-18. Protons and electron will always _____.
26-19. The alpha particle is also known as a(n) ______________________.
26-20. The atomic mass number of an atom is equal to the sum of _________________ and ________________.
26-21. The atomic number of an atom refers to its number of __________________.
26-22. The force that holds the nucleons of an atom together is ___________________.
26-23. The half-life of a radium isotope is 800 years. After 20000 years, approximately how much of an original 1000.0kg sample of this isotope
will remain?