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Non-nuclear genes
Endosymbiosis and you
October 30, 2009
(The chapter in Futyma which almost mentions some of this is number 14.)
A. Non-genetic variation (includes mitochondrial which is inherited but "not
expressed")1. Mitochondrial DNA-are these genes?
a. Our book has very little to say about mitochondrial DNA so look up the 3
pages and move on.
b. We will move on to Strickberger's Evolution book.
i.
general layout (color in Cell Biology book by Becker et al.)
ii.
cytochrome c
iii.
true symbiotic relationship (shipped some genes to nucleus and
parts made in each place (cytoplasm and
mitochondria))=eukaryotes are chimeras. The essential intruder
(Patrusky 1991)
iv.
advantages as outlined in Strickberger
c.
So, how is this variation important?
i.
Using mitochondrial DNA as a clock (Gibbons 1998)
ii.
Usefulness of mutation rate for figuring relationships-humans
(Edelson 1991 and Lewin 1991)
iii.
Disorders in aging and disease (Wallace 1997)
2. Phenotypic variation with little or no genetic componenta. Age variation-within a species, a "new" organism may be very different
or very similar to an adult. Examples of each?
b. Seasonal variation of an individual-differentiation from birth to maturity
which may result in greater dissimilarity of adults than of immatures.
3. Ecological variationa. Habitat variation that is predictable or seasonal
b. Environmental variation that is unpredictable or catastrophic
B. Genetic variation (includes only nuclear genes (expressed?))
1. Heterozygositya. Mechanisms for revealing-Electrophoresis and inbreeding.
b. Quantification of-equation for allele frequency
c. General order of amounts of variation-vertebrates have the least and
invertebrates the most with plants and others intermediate.
2. Equilibrium and the Hardy-Weinberg null hypothesis-Is it a Straw Man?
a. What is a large population?
b. Is there ever random mating?
c. When is a sex ratio equal?
d. Uniform fertility is a dream in humans
e. Nobody migrates
f. We are free of mutation
When does variation change enough to reveal evolution-pass out of the realm of the normal?
Suggested Reading
Becker, W.M., J.B. Reece, M. F. Poenie. 1996. The World of the Cell. Benjamin Cummings.
Dobzhansky, T. 1970. Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. Columbus University Press.
Edelson, E. 1991. Tracing human lineages. Mosiac 22: 56-63.
Gibbons, A. 1998. Calibrating the mitochondrial clock. Science 279: 28-29.
Hartl, Dan. 1981. Population Genetics. Sinauer Associates Inc.
Khakhina, L.N. 1992. Concepts of Symbiogenesis. Yale University Press.
Margulis, L. and R. Fester (eds). 1991. Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation:
Speciation and Morphogenesis. William Brown.
Margulis, L. and D. Sagan. 2002. Acquiring Genomes: A Theory of the Origins of Species.
Basic Books.
Lewin, R. 1991. The biochemical route to human origins. Mosiac 22: 46-55.
Patrusky, B. 1991. An essential intruder-I. Mosiac 22: 26-35.
Snustad, D. P. and M. J. Simmons. 2000. Principles of Genetics. 2 nd ed. Wiley.
Sober, E. 1984. The Nature of Selection: Evolutionary Theory in Philosophical Focus.
University of Chicago Press.
Strickberger, M. 2000. Evolution. 3rd ed. Jones and Bartlett.
Wallace, D. C. 1997. Mitochondrial DNA in Aging and Disease. Scientific American 1997: 4047.