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Name: Date: Unit Title: Medical Mathematics Key Words and Questions List the characters of the Roman numeral system. List three ways to write a number part. Describe the rules for adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing fractions. How is the denominator of a decimal determined? Describe the rules for adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing decimals. Describe how to convert a percentage to a decimal. Describe how to convert a percentage to a fraction. Notes Roman numeral system I=1 V=5 X = 10 L = 50 C = 100 D = 500 M = 1000 Whole numbers – used to count, beginning with 0, 1, 2, 3… Number parts Fractions – part of a whole o Numerator – top number shows actual number of parts o Denominator – bottom number shows how many parts in whole o Rules When adding/subtracting, denominators must be same To multiply, multiple numerators, then multiply denominators To divide, flip divisor fraction, then multiply Reduce fractions to lowest terms Decimals – fraction of a whole number whose denominator is multiple of 10 (0.3 = 3/10) o Rules To add/subtract, align decimal points To multiply, multiply the factors. Then count digits to right of decimal point in factors and place decimal point in answer that many places To divide, move decimal point of divisor to make it a whole number. Move decimal point of dividend same number of spaces to right. Divide as usual. Percentages – Whole or part of whole in terms of 100 o Rules To convert to decimal, move decimal point two places to left (20% = 0.20) To convert to fraction, the denominator is always 100 and the numerator is the percentage without the percent symbol (20% = 20/100) Name: Date: Unit Title: Medical Mathematics Key Words and Questions What is the difference between a ratio and a proportion? Parallel proportion Rounding Averaging Notes Ratio – shows relationship between like values (3 to 5, 3:5, 3/5) Must be reduced to lowest terms (4:8 = 1:2) Proportion – equation that shows equality between two ratios 2:3::4:6 To determine if a proportion is equal, the product of means (middle numbers) is equal to the product of extremes (outer numbers) Must be parallel (A:B::A:B) Estimating – figuring out an approximate answer and judging if it’s reasonable Rounding – changing numbers to nearest multiple of 10 Averaging – number that represents a set of numbers 1. Add numbers in set to find sum 2. Divide by the number of items in set English Measurement System – used only in United States Volume Weight Length English measurements for volume, weight and length Metric measurements What prefixes are used in the metric system? Apothecary measurements for weight and volume. 1 teaspoon = 60 drops 1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons 1 ounce = 2 tablespoons 1 cup = 8 ounces 1 pint = 2 cups 1 quart = 2 pints 1 gallon = .4 quarts 1 pound = 16 ounces 1 ton = 2000 pounds *Small to larger unit, divide 1 foot = 12 inches 1 yard = 3 feet = 36 inches 1 mile = 5,289 feet **Large to smaller unit, multiply Metric Measurement System – used in health care Units of Measure Prefixes Length = meters (m) Weight = grams (g) Volume = liters (L) 1 milliliter = 1 cubic centimeter = 1 gram Kilo = 1,000 Hecto = 100 Deca = 10 Base unit = 1 Deci = 0.1 Centi = 0.01 Milli = 0.001 Apothecary System – used by physician and pharmacists Weight Volume 1 dram = 60 grains 1 fluidram = 60 minims 1 ounce = 8 drams 1 fluidounce = 8 fluidrams 1 pound = 12 ounces 1 pint = 16 fluidounces 1 quart = 2 pints 1 gallon = 4 quarts Name: Date: Unit Title: Medical Mathematics Key Words and Questions Weight equivalents Notes Weight Equivalents English 0.03 ounce 0.15 ounce 1 ounce 1 pound 2.2 pounds 1 ton Volume equivalents Length equivalents List the information needed on a medication label. List the information needed on a prescription. Volume Equivalents English 1 drop 15 drops 1 teaspoon 1 tablespoon 1 ounce 1 pint 1 quart 1 gallon Length Equivalents English 0.04 inch 0.4 inch 1 inch 1 foot 1 yard 3.3 feet 0.62 mile 1 mile Metric 1 milligram 65 milligrams 1 gram 4 grams 28.4 grams 454 grams 1 kilogram 900 kilograms Apothecary 0.02 grain 1 grain 15 grains 1 dram 7.2 drams 1.2 pound 2.6 pounds Metric 0.06 milliliter 1 milliliter 5 milliliters 15 milliliters 30 milliliters 500 milliliters 1 liter 4 liters Apothecary 1 minim 15 minims 1 fluidram 4 fluidrams 1 fluidounce 1 pint 1 quart 1 gallon Metric 1 millimeter 1 centimeter 2.5 centimeters 30 centimeters 0.9 meter 1 meter 1 kilometer 1.6 kilometer Medication Label 1. Trade name 7. Usual dose 2. Generic name 8. Total amount enclosed 3. Manufacturer 9. Caution 4. NDC 10. Expiration date 5. Dosage strength 11. Lot or control number 6. Drug form Prescriptions 1. Doctor’s name, address, telephone 2. Patient’s name, address 3. Date prescription written 4. Med instructions (name of med, filling directions, Sig) 5. Signature allowing generic or as-written 6. Refill instructions 7. Doctor’s registration number 8. Label checkbox Name: Date: Unit Title: Medical Mathematics Key Words and Questions How are oral medication dosages calculated? Notes Oral medication: taken by mouth; available in solid (capsules, powders) and liquid (syrups, solutions) Dosages calculated using proportions. **Remember all units of measure must be the same (parallel) Parenteral medication How is drip rate calculated? Temperature conversion Time equivalents Describe how to write PM hours in military time. Intake List common intake measurements. Output Parenteral medication: liquid that is injected into skin or muscle tissue using a syringe or into a vein with an intravenous line (IV). Drip Rate: rate at which medication drips from IV bag into the intravenous line Drip Rate=(Milliliters of fluid X Drip Set)/Minutes of Infusion Temperatures Fahrenheit to Centigrade: °C = (°F - 32)/1.8 Centigrade to Fahrenheit: °F = (°C x 1.8) + 32 Time 1 minute = 60 seconds 1 hour = 60 minutes = 3,600 seconds 1 day = 24 hours = 1,440 minutes 1 week = 7 days = 168 hours 1 year = 52 weeks = 365 days Military Time = 24-hour clock AM hours: same as standard time (2:00 AM = 0200) PM hours: add 1200 (1:00 PM = 0100 + 1200 = 1300) Intake and Output Intake: any fluid that goes into the body; also includes foods that are liquid at room temperature (Jello, soup, ice cream) Container Intake Measurement 1 juice glass 1 coffee or tea cup 1 water glass 1 large glass 1 small bowl 1 soup bowl 120 cc or mL 120 cc or mL 180 cc or mL 240 cc or mL 120 cc or mL 2000 cc or mL Output: any fluid released by patient (urine, drainage, emesis, feces); measured in graduated containers or output bags as cc or mL