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How to Master Regents Section IVA The following grammatical ideas have been tested in the last 5 Regents Exams. I have arranged them based on a combination of the frequency with which they appear combined with the relative difficulty of learning/remembering them. So focus on understanding these things first. Basic things like knowing your case endings, adjective agreement, and whether a verb ending is singular or plural; past,present,future; indicative,subjunctive,or imperative; or active or passive, etc. can be reviewed a few minutes everyday simply by scanning and self-testing yourself with your GLG. And yes, do this, pretty please, with sugar on top. There really are few enough items that, if you study a little bit daily, there is no reason why each of you can’t get at least 8 out of 10 on this section of the Regents; and knowing all there is to know about these grammatical ideas will undoubtedly spill over to the other sections of the Regents as well. I fully expect many of you to do better than 90 overall, as long as you follow along and stay on top of your preparation. Ablatives 1.Ablative Absolute. In Regents almost always located at the beginning of a sentence, most often accompanied by a participle, especially a perfect passive participle. Additionally, the most frequently tested ablative use in section IVA and sure to appear in the other sections as well. 2003 50 Cibö ______, omnës cupidë edunt. (1) parärï (3) paräre (2) parätö (4) paräns 2004 51 ______vïsö, puerï ë silvä confügërunt. (1) Lupus (3) Lupörum (2) Lupï (4) Lupö 2005 45 Hostibus ___________, urbs tüta erat. (1) vincentem (3) victï sunt (2) victïs (4) vincendï sunt 2006 50 Mënsä _______, Mïdäs cupidë ëdit. (1) parätä (3) paräbätur (2) paräre (4) paräta est Ablative Absolute Practice http://www.abney.homestead.com/files/latin2semester2/ablabsjudgmentparis.htm 2.Ablative of Agent with a/ab + agent and passive verb 2002 52 Pars urbis__________ dëlëbätur. (1) barbarus (3) barbarös (2) ä barbarïs (4) barbaram Sometimes in an ablative of agent sentence, the blank space will require a passive verb form such as in 2004 below. The key, normally, is simply to know if the subject, which will (almost) ALWAYS appear at the beginning of a Regents sentence, is singular or plural and then simply match it with a singular passive form. Often, as below, there will only be one or two passive forms available, and one form can be ruled out because it won’t agree in number with the subject. 2004 52 Nostra urbs _______bene ä mïlitibus . (1) dëfensa est (3) dëfenderätis (2) dëfensï sumus (4) dëfendëbant 3.Ablative of Means 2004 46 Marcus hostem_______ vulneräverat. (1) gladius (3) gladium (2) gladiö (4) gladiös 4.Ablative of Comparison 2003 46 Cornëlia nunc fortior est______ . (1) frätrës (3) frätre (2) frätris (4) frätrem In contrast with the –ior(‘-er’) + (than)noun ablative method of comparison above, one can make a comparison by using –ior(’-er’) + quam(‘than’) + noun nominative as below: 2005 44 Iülia est altior quam ___________ . (1) soror (3) soröris (2) sorörem (4) sorörï 5.Ablative of Time When or Within Which 47 Librï tertiö_________ redditï sunt. (1) diem (3) diës (2) dië (4) diëbus Ablatives with a Preposition Practice http://artemis.austincollege.edu/acad/cml/rcape/latin/22/ablativephrase1.htm Ablatives without a Preposition Practice(means, respect, etc.) http://artemis.austincollege.edu/acad/cml/rcape/latin/22/ablativephrase2.htm Complimentary Infinitive with certain verbs (nolo,volo,malo,possum,debeo,iubeo etc.)Know principle parts of these verbs since sometimes they appear in different tenses, e.g., iussit in 2004 below [iubeo,iubere,iussi,iussus].Also be familiar with the imperatives of nolo: Singular: noli 'don't;literally, 'be unwilling(to)'; Plural: nolite 2002 44 Nölïte circum vïllam______, lïberï! (1) currere (3) cucurrï (2) current (4) currëns 2005 48 Nölïte ___________ librös, discipulï! (1) iaciunt (3) iaciëbat (2) iaciendö (4) iacere 2003 44 Hic örätor magnä vöce______ debet. (1) clämävërunt (3) clämäre (2) clämävï (4) clämantës 2004 45 Cicerö servös______ aquam iüssit. (1) portante (3) portandïs (2) portäbunt (4) portäre 2002 50 Discipulï dïligenter_______ volëbant. (1) legissent (3) legunt (2) legite (4) legere 2006 52 Senätor reï püblicae______ voluit. (1) servïte (3) servienda (2) servit (4) servïre Complimentary Infinitive Practice http://www.quia.com/jg/535797.html http://www.wheelockslatin.com/chapters/six/index.html http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/Latin1000/Chapters/06ch.htm http://www.quia.com/rr/210345.html Prepositions 2002 43 Fëminae ad_______ vënërunt. (1) templï (3) templörum (2) templö (4) templum 2006 43 Duae legiönës per_______ iter faciëbant. (1) prövinciam (3) prövinciärum (2) prövinciae (4) prövinciä 2003 43 Icarus per_______ volävit. (1) caelum (3) caelö (2) caelï (4) caelïs 2004 43 Lïberï ad_____ currëbant. (1) arborï (3) arbor (2) arborem (4) arbore 2005 50 Marcus sine ___________ träns pontem ambuläbat. 1) equum (3) equï (2) equus (4) equö 2002 49 Herculës labörës sine________suscëpit. (1) auxilium (3) auxiliörum (2) auxiliö (4) auxilia Preposition Practice http://www.math.ohio-state.edu/~econrad/lang/lprep.html Lists what all the propositions could be used for (agent, position, ect…) http://quizlet.com/set/6373/ Lists all the propositions, what they take, and definition http://www.quia.com/jw/64020.html A quiz http://www.dl.ket.org/latin1/review/prepositions/guide.htm Relative Pronouns: qui,quae,quod The key to understanding relative pronouns is that each relative pronoun has its own function in its own clause. One way to understand this is to put brackets before the relative pronoun and after the verb in its clause. Simply ask yourself what is missing in each sentence and that will tell you what case the relative pronoun should be in. Remember that the relative pronoun will only agree with its antecedent in NUMBER and GENDER . For example below: 2002 5 I saw the boy(the main clause is complete)[who carried the small dog]. The bracketed relative clause has a singular verb—portavit, and a direct object accusative—parvum canem. The bracketed sentence has a verb and a direct object but is missing a subject. Qui is the only nominative singular masculine word in the sentence. If the sentence had said puellam instead of puerum, then the answer could have been quae. 2002 5 Vïdï puerum[______ parvum canem portävit]. (1) quibus (3) quï (2) quae (4) quös 2003 51 The antecedent, legati , is plural masculine. There are only two choices that can be plural, but quae is feminine, therefore qui is the only possibility. 2003 51 Lëgätï,[ __Römä pröfectï erant], ab hostibus captï sunt. (1) quï (3) quem (2) cuï (4) quae 2005 52 Notice that the verb of the bracketed clause is plural expulserunt and that there is a plural subject Romani . The bracketed clause has a subject and a verb that requires a direct object. The only accusative choice is quem. 2005 52 Tarquinius erat rex[ __________ Römänï Expulsërunt]. (1) quem (3) cui (2) cuius (4) quö 2006 45 Equi is plural masculine. The relative pronoun must be plural masculine. There is only one choice, quos. 2006 45 Equï,[_____ vidëtis], mihi sunt. (1) quös (3) quae (2) quö (4) quärum As you can see, some sentences are easier than others. Relative Pronoun Practice http://www.dl.ket.org/latin2/grammar/ http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/Latin1000/Chapters/17ch.htm http://www.flashcardexchange.com/memory?cards=7751179,7751180,7751181,7751182, 7751183,7751184,7751185,7751186,7751187,7751188,7751189,7751190,7751206,7751 207,7751208,7751209,7751210,7751211,7751212,7751213,7751214,7751215,7751216,7 751217 Indirect Statement 2003 49 Scïmus Antönium et Lücium amïcös________. (1) esse (3) fuï (2) sunt (4) fuërunt 2005 43 Magister putat lïberös ___________ . (1) laböräre (3) labörent (2) labörävërunt (4) laböräbunt 2006 44 Vir scïvit uxörem së_______ . (1) amävit (3) amäre (2) amävisset (4) amätï essent Subjunctives: Nota bene: By far, if not always, the most common tense asked for with the subjunctive mood on the Regents is the IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. In rare instances where they answer is present subjunctive, it will be from either sum =sim,sis,sit,simus,sitis,sint or possum=possim,possis,possit,possimus,possitis,possint as in 'Clauses with UT' 2006 below. 1.Clauses with UT 2002 46 Agricolae pervënërunt ut lüdös________ . (1) videt (3) videndï (2) vidëre (4) vidërent 2003 52 Leö erat tam ferus ut omnës _______. (1) terrendï (3) terrëbö (2) terrëret (4) territum 2004 47 Cïvës properäbant ut gladiätörës_______ . (1) vidërent (3) vïdisse (2) vidëns (4) vidërï 2005 46 Tam celeriter cucurrit ut nëmö eum superäre ___________. (1) potest (3) poterat (2) posse (4) posset 2006 49 Nihil tam facile est ut sine laböre id facere_______ . (1) possumus (3) posse (2) potuimus (4) possïmus 2.CUM clauses 2003 45 Cum discipulus stilum nön____ , scrïbere nön poterat. (1) habëre (3) habuï (2) habëbämus (4) habëret 3. Indirect Questions.The formula for this is that there will be a question word: eg., cur 'why', quid 'what', quomodo 'how', quando 'when', quis 'who', etc. and the word in the blank will be a subjunctive form,most commonly an imperfect subjunctive form. 2002 48 Rogävërunt cür______ Claudia misera . (1) esset (3) erämus (2) esse (4) fuerant 4.Past Contrafactual Conditions. The formula is: Si verbISSE-, blah blah verbISSEFor example: Si Brutus Tarquinium non necavISSEt, nulla res publica fuISSEt. 'If Brutus had not killed Tarquinius, there would have been no republic.' The formula for translation is 'If had verbed, would have verbed'. 2002 51 Sï gladiätor fortius pugnävisset,________ . (1) vïcit (3) vïcisset (2) vincet (4) vincere 2004 50 Sï imperätor_______ , patriam servävisset. (1) vënërunt (3) veniämus (2) vënisset (4) venïte 2005 47 Sï Cicerö vïxisset, rem püblicam ___________. (1) serväbit (3) servävisset (2) serväbat (4) servat 2006 47 Sï Püblius celerius cucurrisset, suum amïcum _________. (1) vïcisset (3) vincere (2) vïcerint (4) victus Various Subjunctive Exercises http://www.abney.homestead.com/files/latin2semester2/subjunctivepractice0522_page.htm http://www.abney.homestead.com/files/latin2semester2/2ndsubjunctivepractice0502_page.htm Imperative/Vocative Connection. The first thing to look for is that the Regents will always punctuate an imperative sentence with a ‘!’. The imperative ALWAYS begins the sentence.The Regents nearly always includes a noun in the vocative case in an imperative sentence. Remember that the vocative form is simply the nominative form of the noun with the following two exceptions: if the noun is a 2nd declension masculine proper name ending in -us the vocative ending is -e.[Brutus, et tu, Brute], or if the nound is a 2nd declension masculine proper name endin in -ius, the vocative ending is -i[Publius, et tu, Publi] 2003 48 Venï nöbïscum,_____ ! (1) Marcö (3) Marcus (2) Marcum (4) Marce 2006 51 Pugnä, ______, magnä cum audäciä! (1) Marcus (3) Marcï (2) Marce (4) Marcö 2005 51 Spectä, ___________, gladiätörës in arënä! (1) Lücius (3) Lüciö (2) Lücï (4) Lücium 2004 49 “ ______librös, discipulï!” clämävit magister. (1) Aperï (3) Aperïte (2) Aperïrï (4) Aperiuntur Accusative of Extent of time 2006 46 Ulixës per orbem terrärum______ errävit. (1) decem annï (3) decimus annus (2) decem annös (4) decimï annï Present Active Participles Nearly always in nominative case and masculine or feminine. –ns for singular –ntes for plural. It is a verbal adjective and so must agree in case, number, and gender. The trick is usually that it simply agrees in number with the Subject of the sentence, which is almost always right at the beginning of a sentence in the Regents. In rare instances where the participle agrees with a neuter noun, it ends in –ns in singular and –ntia in plural nominative. 2003 47 Nuntiï , _______litteräs, ad imperätörem vënërunt. (1) portä (3) portävisset (2) portantës (4) portante Basic Noun Practice 1st Declension http://www.abney.homestead.com/files/latin1semester2/1stdeclension1.htm 2nd Declension masculine http://www.abney.homestead.com/files/latin1semester2/2nddeclensionmasc1.htm 2nd Declension neuter http://www.abney.homestead.com/files/latin1semester2/2nddeclensionneut1.htm Assorted Games Van Alstyne High School Latin Club http://www.vanalstyneisd.org/Latinpg/game.html http://www.vanalstyneisd.org/Latinpg/vocab.html Vocabulary http://www.classicsunveiled.com/romevd/html/game.html Derivatives http://www.classicsunveiled.com/romevd/html/game01.html