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Chordate Notes The phylum Chordata contains mostly animals with a back bone, but a few that do not. There are 4 characteristics to classify something as a chordate. Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord-flexible, yet supportive rod that runs through the body below the nerve cord Pharyngeal Slits- paired slits in the throat region Postanal tail- extends beyond the anus Chordates must have all 4 of these things SOMETIME DURING LIFE. Your notochord is homologous to your vertebral column, and your pharyngeal slits closed up in utero. Groups of invertebrate chordates: Urochordata- tunicates drawing: Some are sessile, some float in water Cephalochordata- lancelets drawing: Dig into sand with anterior region sticking out Groups of Vertebrate Chordates: Fish: heterothermic, aquatic vertebrates with paired fins, scales, and gills (from pharyngeal slits). Have a single loop for circulation: vessels run across the gills, pick up oxygen and move to the rest of the body. There are 3 groups: o Agnathan- jawless fishes: hagfish, lamprey o Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous fishes: sharks, rays o Osteichthyes- bony fishes: carp, salmon, catfish, snapper, etc. Amphibians: heterothermic, Earliest amphibians evolved several adaptations that helped them live at least part of their lives out of the water. Appendicular musculature and skeleton of amphibians became stronger; permitting more efficient movement. Lungs and breathing tubes enabled amphibians to breathe air. Early development must be in water, after metamorphosis, they can live upon land. Gas exchange occurs in lungs, gills, and across skin (makes them susceptible to pollution), double loop circulatory system, 3 chambered heart. Examples include: Anura- frogs, toads: jumping limbs, aquatic or land Caudata- salamander, newts: paired limbs, long tail, can have external gills Apoda- caecelians: legless amphibians, burrowing Reptiles: heterothermic, can lay eggs on land (amniotic eggs) with leathery outer covering and the aquatic environment is inside the egg, well-developed lungs, double loop circulation, 3 chambered heart, scaly skin Testudinata- turtles: skeleton is fused to the shell Sphenodontia- tuatara: lizard-like reptile Serpentes- snakes, legless, musculature has made them one of the most successful groups- located everywhere in the world except Antarctica and New Zealand Crocodylians- alligators and crocodile Amphisbaena- legless, wormlike reptiles Birds: homeothermic, evolved from a branch or reptiles. 4 chambered heart, double loop circulation, lungs and air sacs create a double breathing pattern, hollow bones for flight, outer covering of feathers for flight, hind limbs are scaly and are modified for perching, grasping, or walking, front limbs are modified for flight. Examples include: pelicans, canaries, grackles, ratites (flightless birds), penguins, etc. Mammals: homeothermic, covered in hair at sometime during life, have mammary glands, 4 chambered hearts, double loop circulation, etc. Monotremata- egg laying mammals, ex: platypus, echidna Metatheres- marsupials, bear live young at an early stage, finish development attached to a nipple. Only about half actually have the trademark pouch, and some pouches face anteriorly while other open posteriorly. Examples: kangaroos, oppossums, possums, koala, wallaby Eutheres- placental mammals: bear live young fully developed Rodentia- ever-growing incisors (front two teeth) rodents include beavers, porcupines, squirrels, mice, groundhogs, capybara, etc. Most diverse group Chiroptera- bats; there are macrochiroptera like flying foxes, and microchiroptera like the ones found in the Americas Perissodactyla- odd toed hoofed animals-tapirs, rhinos, zebras, horses Artiodactyla- even-toed hoofed animals- goat, sheep, camel, deer, giraffe, pigs Proboscidian- elongated nose is trunk- elephants Carnivora- defined by their teeth, examples include: dogs, cats, raccoons, bears, skunks, seals, walruses Lagomorpha- two pairs of incisors- rabbits, hares, pikas Cetacea- whales and dolphins Sirenia- manatees and dugongs Primates- highly developed brains, opposable thumbs- lemurs, apes, gorillas, humans, aye ayes Others including scaly anteaters, shrews, insectivores, anteaters, armadillos, sloths Chordate Notes The phylum Chordata contains mostly animals with a _______________, but a few that do not. There are 4 characteristics to classify something as a chordate. Chordates must have all 4 of these things ____________________________. Your notochord is homologous to your _______________, and your pharyngeal slits closed up _______________. Groups of invertebrate chordates: Urochordata- ___________ drawing: Some are sessile, some float in water Cephalochordata- __________ drawing: Dig into sand with anterior region sticking out Groups of Vertebrate Chordates: Fish: ________________, aquatic vertebrates with paired _________, scales, and gills (from pharyngeal slits). Have a ______________ for circulation: vessels run across the gills, pick up oxygen and move to the rest of the body. There are 3 groups o Agnathan- jawless fishes: ________________________________ o Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous fishes: ______________________ o Osteichthyes- ________________: carp, salmon, catfish, snapper, etc. Amphibians: ___________________, Earliest amphibians evolved several adaptations that helped them live at least part of their lives out of the water. ____________________ musculature and skeleton of amphibians became stronger; permitting more efficient movement. Lungs and breathing tubes enabled amphibians to breathe air. Early development must be in water, after metamorphosis, they can live upon land. Gas exchange occurs in __________, _____________, and across __________ (makes them susceptible to pollution), double loop circulatory system, 3 chambered heart. Examples include: Anura Caudata Apoda- caecelians: Reptiles: ____________________, can lay eggs on land (__________ eggs) with leathery outer covering and the aquatic environment is inside the egg, welldeveloped lungs, double loop circulation, ____chambered heart, scaly skin TestinataSphenodontiaSerpentes- snakes, legless, musculature has made them one of the most successful groups- located everywhere in the world except _________________________________ Crocodylians- _________________________________ Amphibaena- ____________________________________ Birds: ________________, evolved from a branch or reptiles. __chambered heart, double loop circulation, lungs and air sacs create a double breathing pattern, hollow bones for flight, outer covering of feathers for flight, hind limbs are scaly and are modified for perching, grasping, or walking, front limbs are modified for flight. Examples include: pelicans, canaries, grackles, __________ (flightless birds), penguins, etc. Mammals: ____________________, covered in _______ at sometime during life, have _________________, ________ chambered hearts, double loop circulation, etc. Monotremata- ___________________________, ex: platypus, echidna Metatheres- marsupials, bear live young at an early stage, finish development attached to a ___________. Only about half actually have the trademark pouch, and some pouches face _____________ while other open ______________. Examples: kangaroos, oppossums, possums, koala, wallaby Eutheres- ____________ mammals: bear live young fully developed Rodentia- ever-growing _________ (front two teeth) rodents include beavers, porcupines, squirrels, mice, groundhogs, capybara, etc. Most diverse group Chiroptera- bats; there are ________________________ like flying foxes, and ____________________ like the ones found in the Americas Perissodactyla- ________________________-tapirs, rhinos, zebras, horses Artiodactyla- __________________________- goat, sheep, camel, deer, giraffe, pigs Proboscidian- elongated nose is trunk- _________________ Carnivora- defined by their teeth, examples include: _______________________________________________________ Lagomorpha- two pairs of incisors- _______________________ _________________- whales and dolphins _________________- manatees and dugongs ________________- highly developed brains, opposable thumbslemurs, apes, gorillas, humans, aye ayes Others including scaly anteaters, shrews, insectivores, anteaters, armadillos, sloths