Download Exam #2 Review

Exam #2 Review
ID: Please use the following terms to prepare for the second hour exam. Remember that
full credit for the I.D. comes from correctly describing the person or event (one third of
the points awarded) and then giving the historical significance of that term (two thirds).
You can expect to have eight terms to select from on the exam. There will be no “partial
credit” for terms incorrectly identified.
Progressivism: emerged in the late 19th century in reference to a more general response
to the vast changes wrought by industrialization: an alternative to both the traditional
conservative response to social and economic issues and to the various more radical
streams of socialism and anarchism which opposed them. Political parties, such as the
Progressive Party, organized at the start of the 20th century, and progressivism made
great strides under American presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William H. Taft, Woodrow
Wilson, and Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911): It was the largest industrial disaster in the history of
the city of New York. It happened on March 25, 1911. All the fire exits were blocked in
buildings. Causing more casualties to get killed in the fire. It was significant it led
changes and work facility it modified safety standard in factory. And aided the growth of
the international ladies in garment and workers union. The Triangle Shirtwaist factory
Building was named a National Historic
Social (Gospel) Progressives: They used technology and practical knowledge to solve
social injustice. They show that the significant problems exist in the U.S. They thought
the problems created by the environment condition, so we need to change the
environmental cause of the equality. They also supported to create organization and
Interest groups. It was significant were that developed NAACP and WUCP.
National Progressives: It was one of three types of progressives. They viewed the
federal branch of government as an under-used resource; actively promote the formation
of regulatory agencies. It was significant because they used active central government to
blunt the hard edge of capitalism. Roosevelt who was an example of a national
progressive was a “Trust Buster”. Finally, government got involved.
Corporate Liberal Progressives: They supported corporate Liberalism like “Industrial
Divide” and Welfare Capitalism. They were significant because they distrusted the role
of policies in business/economic decisions. They see Labor-Management relationship in
terms of efficiency. They thought “efficiency” and profit more important than “fairness”
and equality. Henry Ford is an example of Corporate Liberal progressives. Capitalists
will show how “ignorant working class” becomes good middle class.
Jane Addams: She was a founder of the U.S. Settlement House and the first woman to
be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. She was significant because she founded Settlement
House and promoted women’s rights, ended child-labor Regular Nursing, Preventative
and Pre-Natal care, English instruction for adults and children. They discussed current
events and built “Ladies Pavilion”
Settlement Houses: The best-known settlement house in perhaps Hull House in Chicago,
founded in 1889 by Jane Addams. An approach to social reform with roots in the late 19th
was a method for serving the poor in urban areas by living among them and serving them
directly.
Theodore Roosevelt: (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was the twenty-sixth
President of the United States. A leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive
Party, he was a Governor of New York and a professional historian, naturalist, explorer,
hunter, author, and soldier. He is most famous for his personality: his energy, his vast
range of interests and achievements, his model of masculinity, and his "cowboy"
personality
1901 Anthracite Coal Strike: This was a strike by the United Mine Workers of
America. The strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to all major cities
(these cities were heated by anthracite or "hard coal") This is significant because
Theodore Roosevelt got involved and set up a commission that suspended the strike. (It
was the first labor episode where government intervened as a neutral arbitrator)
Food & Drug Act (1906): This provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade
the manufacture, sale or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous patent
medicines. This is significant because prior to the act, the meat and drug processing
industries had no regulations. So they could drop it on the floor, chop off a finger, etc.
while packaging the meat and still sell it
Woodrow Wilson: was the president who led the United States through World War I.
After a respectable career as a scholar, Wilson became the president of Princeton College
in 1902. He entered politics in 1910 when he was persuaded to run for governor of New
Jersey. After only two years as governor, he beat out Teddy Roosevelt and William H.
Taft in the presidential election of 1912. Although he first championed isolationism, he
became a strong advocate for U.S. involvement in World War I. Why was he significant?
Because he pushed for the U.S. to join the League of Nations, precursor to the United
Nations.
Clayton Act (1914): An Act to supplement existing laws against unlawful restraints and
monopolies, and for other purposes. Why was this act significant? Because it prevented
threats to competition than the Sherman Antitrust Act. It was also significant because the
act restricted the use of the injunction against labor, and it legalized peaceful strikes,
picketing, and boycotts
Welfare Capitalism: Capitalists will provide for their workers because it is efficient".
The mindset is that happy workers will work better, which is in the best interest of the
company. You make your workers happy by increasing commadery (team sports within
the company) and teaching workers how to save money (401K plan). Welfare Capitalism
was an effort to turn the "ignorant working class" into the middle class.
SIGNIFICANCE: Unlike the Pullman Towns during the Gilded Age, Welfare Capitalism
actually had the workers' best interest in mind. By creating team sports and teaching
workers how to invest and save their money, workers became happier and more efficient.
Team sports also paved the way for consumerism, people became more willing to spend
money on motion pictures and show interest in "the arts.
Imperialism: A stronger country occupying and setting up an empire in weaker
countries. This refers to U.S. occupation in Cuba, the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico and
Panama. Each one of these places were occupied by U.S. troops around 1914. Because of
the Tellar Amendment (U.S.A. guarantee’s Cuba's Independence) and the fact that each
of these countries were granted self-rule, we can say that the U.S. did not participate in
imperialism. However, because of the Platt Amendment (and the fact that we were
exploiting these countries heavily (think Panama Canal)) it could be considered
Imperialism (it's really economic coercion).
SIGNIFICANCE: In order for the U.S. to be seen as a world power by Great Britain (and
other world powers) the U.S. had to show that it is an economic 'heavyweight'. U.S.A.
took control of other countries as a display of power (i.e. Panama Canal, first to connect
Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, etc.). Also, as an emerging world power, U.S. thought it was
their duty to help their "little brown cousins" (S. Americans) set up government. U.S. was
trying to push democracy on other countries (and exploit them at the same time).
Alfred Thayer Mahan: (September 27, 1840–December 1, 1914) was a United States
Navy flag officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power
influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War
I. American naval officer who published The Influence of Sea Power Upon History in
1890. His view, advocating the importance of a strong Navy and a worldwide network of
coaling stations to protect trading routes, help great influence on military thought in both
the US and Europe around the time of the Spanish-American War(1898).
Spanish-American War (1898): It began due to American demands that Spain
peacefully resolve the Cuban fight for independence. It was significant because the strong
expansionist in the United States let the government to target Spain’s other overseas
territories. The U.S. owned Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.
The U.S. occupied Cuba until 1902.Shows the strength of the US Navy; represents
American imperialism especially in the Philippines
Platt Amendment (1901): was included in the Cuban Constitution and gives the United
States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs if Cuba’s independence was threatened or if
internal order was broke down. The U.S also placed restriction on Cuba that said that
they would not distribute any piece of their land to another country and that they could
not enter into any loans that they could not pay from ordinary revenues. Cuba was always
not allowed to make treaties with other nations.
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903): Phillipe Bunau-Varilla negotiated with the U.S.
officials to sale the building of a Panama Canal and a Panama Canal Zone surrounds the
canal. It was significant because this treaty was a source of conflict between Panama and
the U.S.
“Roosevelt Corollary”: was a substantial amendment to the Monroe Doctrine by U.S.
President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904. Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine
asserted the right of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of
small nations in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their
international debts. The alternative was intervention by European powers, especially
Britain and Germany, which loaned money to the countries that did not repay. The
catalyst of the new policy was Germany's aggressiveness in the Venezuela affair of 190203. Roosevelt Corollary as justification for U.S. intervention in Cuba (1906-1910),
Nicaragua (1909-1911, 1912-1925 and 1926-1933), Haiti (1915-1934), and the
Dominican Republic (1916-1924). In 1934, Franklin D. Roosevelt further renounced
interventionism and established his "Good Neighbor policy," thus tolerating the
emergence of dictatorships like that of Batista in Cuba or Trujillo in the Dominican
Republic
Nativism: It is an opposition to immigration which originated in U.S. politics. 1.Belief of
native-born white Americans 2.distrust of immigrants, colored people, and nonprotestants 3.close to xenophobia-“fear” of immigrants It was significant because it
caused heightened racism-KKK spring up" again”, segregation (Jim Crow laws, Plessy
vs. Ferguson). It also caused fear of immigrants-literacy test, restricted immigration of
Chinese)
Immigration Restrictive Leagues: was founded by three Harvard students, their main
purpose was to oppose the avalanche of supposedly "undesirable immigrants" that were
coming to the United States from southern and Eastern Europe. The League quickly
gained support all over the country and led to the creation of the National Association of
Immigration Restriction Leagues in 1896. The League introduced a bill into the United
States Congress to increase the restriction of immigration by means of numerical
limitation. The bill demanded actions like the addiction to the excluded class and creating
a literacy test to further strengthen the restriction on immigrants from entering the U.S.
This is significant because after WWI, a mad rush of inferior immigrants started to enter
the U.S. The immigration leagues were created to support the containment of immigrants.
They not only just supported stricter restriction but also proposed demands that only let
successful immigrants into the country.
Sacco & Venzetti: were two Italian-born American laborers and anarchists who were
tried, convicted and executed via electrocution on August 23, 1927 in Massachusetts for
the 1920 armed robbery and murder of two pay-clerks in Braintree, Massachusetts.
Significant: The importance of the Sacco-Vanzetti case remains not only because it called
into question some of the fundamental assumptions of American society, but because it
calls into questions some of the fundamental assumptions of American history. the
figures of Sacco and Vanzetti have been transformed into passionate symbols, symbols
that are often rather understood
“Jim Crow” Laws: Enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States nad
enforced between 1876 and 1965. The law prohibited business from employing AfricanAmericans access to public places such as hotels, restaurants, and public restrooms.
Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896: The Supreme Court upheld the state law that segregated the
races in transportation. The law declared that “separate but equal” facility was
constitutional. The races could be confined to separate spheres within society as long as
they were treated equally. This law cleared the way for decades of demoralizing
discrimination against blacks.
W.E.B. DuBois: rejects Bookerism and black separatism; advocates for equal rights; has
a Harvard Ph.D.; 1903 Souls of Black Folks. Significance: showed that black people were
human; fights racism; part of a movement (Niagara Movement) which leads to the
NAACP
NAACP (1910): The National Association for the Advancement of colored people is one
of the oldest and most influential civil right organizations in U.S. It was significant
because the NAACP to work on behalf of the rights of African Americans. It is one of the
last surviving uses of the term “colored people” people were fighting for equality
“The Great Depression”: The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn.
The great depression happened in American because the banks failed to give the money
back to the people, over- production. It’s cause from consumer, production, and
governmental Issues. It was significant because the Great Depression caused many
positive thing came out like Social Security, FDIC.
Herbert Hoover: He was the thirty - first President of the U.S. He was a world famous
mining engineer and humanitarian administrator. He was significant because he was the
president during the great depression when stock market crashed he increased spending
for public works and established the reconstruction finance cooperate to make
government credit available to banks. He also increased taxing and spending, which make
the great depression worse
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945) was the thirty-second
President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to
1945 and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. He was a central
figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war.
One of his most important legacies is the Social Security system. During the Great
Depression of the 1930s, Roosevelt created the New Deal to provide relief for the
unemployed, recovery of the economy, and reform of the economic and banking systems.
AAA (1933): The AAA was the farm bill passed in the first 100 days of FDR's New
Deal. The government paid farmers not to plant as much in order to provide stability in
rural marketplaces and balance out overproduction of crops.
This is significant because it solved the credit problem dissupting the rural base of the
United States, which was an important step in recovery. It was originally deemed
unconstitutional; but was helpful. It showed that heavy government interference was
beneficial in helping the country out of depression.
NIRA/NRA (1933): The NIRA, or National Industrial Recovery Act was passed in the
first 100 days of FDR's New Deal, and authorized government regulation of the
workplace. It also created the NRA, or National Recovery Organization, to set rules (such
as maximum working hours) and wages for large industrial cartels.
This is significant because it benefited textiles, coal, oil, and retail, helping America
attempt to pull out of the Great Depression and giving businesses hope. Section 7 of the
act helped promote the formation of labor unions. It also created a lasting better
workplace for workers, demonstrating that fair conditions benefited both the workers, and
the employers from the workers' contentedness
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (1932): It was an independent agency of the
United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover in 1932.
It was also continued by the New Deal. It was significant because it started 1933
.Roosevelt increased the funding streamlined the bureaucracy, and used it to help restore
business, especially in banking and railroad.
Wagner Act (1935): was idea of President Roosevelt. It was passed during the second
New Deal of “reform, relief, and recover” from Great Depression. It powered the union,
gave the workers the collective bargaining, the sight to take part in strike, tp protect for
their right and demand.
Social Security Act (1935): It was one of the six New Deal policies and perhaps the
most important the act established a system of old-age pension, unemployment insurance,
and welfare benefits for dependent children. Paid for by employers and employees. It was
significant because the social security administration shaped the welfare system for the
remained of the century. It also established a two - track system of welfare because it left
out away the most needy. One track provided workers with unemployment insurance and
support in their old ages. The other track made to provide relief for the poor , dependent
women and children with no means of support.
The “Good War”: It was WWII. It was significant of the nature of change of the result.
This was a war of ideology that showed democracy. It let the U.S. was liberalism at
home. It also helped to the U.S. out of the Great Depression. Finally, it prompted the
American Civil Rights movement, that we are so grateful for today.
Fascism: is a totalitarian nationalist ideology that is primarily concerned with perceived
problems associated with cultural, economic, political, and social decline or decadence. It
is derived from the Italian word fascio, which means "bundle" or "union", and from the
Latin word fasces. Fascism opposes communism, liberalism and conservatism. It seeks to
solve such problems by achieving a millenarian national rebirth by exalting the nation or
race as well as promoting cults of unity, strength and purity.
Adolf Hitler: Adolf Hitler, military and political leader of Germany 1933 - 1945,
launched World War Two and bears responsibility for the deaths of millions, including
six million Jews in the Holocaust. Why significant? Was the leader of Germany. Hitler's
invasion of Poland in September. In December 1941, Hitler declared war on America.
The war on the eastern front drained Germany's resources and in June 1944, the British
and Americans landed in France. With Soviet troops poised to take the German capital,
Hitler committed suicide in his bunker in Berlin on 30 April 1945. 1939 began World
War Two.
Lebensraum: Literally, ‘living space’, the room needed for a nation's expansion. The
concept was used by the Germans to justify their territorial growth. The term was
introduced by Friedrich Ratsel in 1896, and became a central concept in the propaganda
literature of the Nazis.
Why significant? Among the reason Lebensraum political success and for its inherent
lack of reality, the nature of its intellectual origins was probably the most important
Lebensraum possessed an aura of scientific respectability which it arrived from the high
academic reputations of its originator and some of its twentieth.
Anschluss: (German, ‘connection’) Hitler's annexation of Austria. The german second
empire did not include Austrian Germans, who remained in Austria-Hungary. In 1934 a
coup by Austrian Nazis failed to achieve union with Germany. In February 1938 Hitler
summoned Kurt von Schuschnigg, the Austrian Chancellor, to Berchtesgaden and
demanded the admission of Nazis into his cabinet. Schuschnigg attempted to call a
plebiscite on Austrian independence, failed, and was forced to resign. German troops
entered Vienna and on 13 March 1938 the Anschluss was proclaimed. The majority of
Austrians welcomed the union. The ban on an Anschluss, laid down in the Versailles
peace settlement and St Germain (1919), was reiterated when the Allied Powers
recognized the second Austrian republic in 1946.
Appeasement: It was a way that giving in of a nation to an enemy to avoided armed
conflict. It was significant because it was used British actions leading to WWII.
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939): stated that the two countries - Germany and
the Soviet Union - would not attack each other. If there were ever a problem between the
two countries, it was to be handled amicably.
Blitzkrieg: German for "lightning war" was used by the Germans at the beginning of
World War II to obtain victory through a series of rapid attacks by land, sea, and air
against the enemy. This technique was used by Hitler and it utilized armored ground
vehicles along with intensive air support. After the initial attack the armour and
motorized infantry were moved rapidly to break through the weakest parts of the enemy
lines.
Lend Lease: It was a program under the U.S. supplied Great Britain. It was significant
because it led the U.S. joined the Allies could win in WWII.
Atlantic Charter (1941): This was the foundation for the establishment of the United
Nations. Declaration of post World War II aims issued by British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill and US president Franklin D. Roosevelt August 14, 1941 before US entry into
war. Some of the goals of the agreement were:
 No territorial gains were to be sought by the United States or the United
Kingdom.
 Territorial adjustments must be in accord with the wishes of the peoples
concerned.
 Trade barriers were to be lowered.
 Global economic cooperation and advancement of social welfare. Freedom of the
seas
Battle of Britain: in World War II, series of air battles between Great Britain and
Germany fought over Britain from Aug. to Oct., 1940. As a prelude to a planned invasion
of England, Germany attacked British coastal defenses, radar stations, and shipping. On
Aug. 24 the attack was shifted inland to Royal Air Force installations and aircraft
factories in an effort to gain control of the air over S England. Failing to destroy the RAF,
the Germans began (Sept. 7) the night bombing, or blitz, of London. Heavy night
bombings of English cities continued into October, when the attack was shifted back to
coastal installations. The Germans gradually gave up hope of invading England, and the
battle tapered off by the end of October. Though heavily outnumbered, the RAF put up a
gallant defense; radar, used for the first time in battle, played an important role. The
Germans lost some 2,300 aircraft; the RAF lost some 900. The Battle of Britain was the
first major failure of the Germans in World War II, and it thwarted Hitler's plan to force
Britain to accept peace or face invasion.
Pearl Harbor (Dec., 1941): A major United States naval base in Hawaii that was
attacked without warning by the Japanese air force on December 7, 1941, with great loss
of American lives and ships. In asking Congress to declare war on Japan the next day,
President Franklin D. Roosevelt described the day of the attack as “a date which will live
in infamy.” The significance of this attack is that it brought the United States into armed
conflict with Japan and ceased the isolationism of the United States' public, as well as
giving hope in the fight against Germany to the United States' European allies, given that
Hilter declared war on the US shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Casablanca (1942 film): is an American romantic drama film directed by Michael
Curtiz, starring Humphrey Bogart, Ingrid Bergman and Paul Henreid and featuring
Claude Rains, Conrad Veidt, Sidney Greenstreet and Peter Lorre. It is set in the Vichycontrolled Moroccan city of Casablanca during World War II and focuses on a man's
conflict between, in the words of one character, love, and virtue: He must choose
between his love for a woman and doing the right thing, helping her and her Resistance
leader husband escape from Casablanca to continue his fight against the Nazis. The
significance of this film is to show the struggle that many young people faced during this
time of war. And it shows how he overcomes odds to fight against the NAZI Regime and
to stand up for what he believes in. This movie inspired others to do the same and to fight
against and support the war against Hitler.
Executive Order #8802 (1942): a directive issued by the President, the head of the
executive branch of the federal government. U.S. Presidents have issued executive orders
since 1789, usually to help direct the operation of executive officers. Some orders do
have the force of law when made in pursuance of certain Acts of Congress, when those
acts give the President discretionary powers.
CORE: "Congress Of Racial Equality" is a U.S. civil rights organization that played a
pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement from its foundation in 1942 to the mid-1960s.
Membership in CORE is stated to be open to "anyone who believes that 'all people are
created equal' and is willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout
the world."
Zoot Suit Riots: were a series of riots that erupted in Los Angeles, California during
World War II, between sailors and Marines stationed throughout the city and Latino
youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits they favored. While Mexican Americans
were the primary targets of military servicemen, African American and Filipino/Filipino
American youth were also targeted. The significance of these riots was to show that the
Chicanos or young Latin Americans didn’t like what was going on with there situation.
So they lashed out against the whites to stand up for what they believed in this led to a
series of riots known as the ZOOT SUIT RIOTS. These riots mainly took place in Los
Angeles, which forever changed its inhabitants and city.
Korematsu -v- U.S.: Supreme Court decision arising from the 1942 military order
forcing West Coast Japanese Americans into “assembly centers” from which they were
interned in “relocation camps.” Fred Korematsu of San Francisco, an American-born
citizen of Japanese ancestry, attempted to enlist when World War II began but was
rejected for medical reasons. Working in a defense job when the internment began, he
moved, changed his name, and claimed to be Mexican American. He was arrested,
sentenced to five years in prison, immediately paroled, and interned in the camp at
Topaz, Utah. By a 6–3 vote, the Supreme Court rejected his appeal. Writing for the
majority, Justice Hugo Black conceded that “all legal restrictions which curtail the civil
rights of a single racial group are immediately suspected” and required “the most rigid
scrutiny.” Further, Black questioned the army's contention that the impossibility of
distinguishing between loyal and disloyal Japanese Americans justified “the temporary
exclusion of the entire group.” Nevertheless, he argued that the internment policy
reflected legitimate military considerations, not “antagonism to those of Japanese
ancestry.” To blame the case on “racial prejudice, without reference to the real military
dangers,” Black went on, “merely confuses the issue.” Since Korematsu was charged
only with remaining in a restricted area and failing to report to the assembly center, the
Court did not explicitly address the constitutionality of forced relocation.
Stalingrad (1943): A city in the European part of Russia on the Volga; site of German
defeat in WWII in the winter of 1942
D-Day (1944): Military. The day, usually unspecified, set for the beginning of a planned
attack. June 6, 1944, the day of the invasion of Western Europe by Allied forces in
WWII. Significance: Both set the day of defeat for the German army, and ending WWII
Battle of Midway Islands (1942): The location of Midway in the Pacific became
important to the military in WWII. The Battle of Midway was a major naval battle,
widely regarded as the most important one of the Pacific Campaign of World War II. It
took place from June 4 to 7, 1942, approximately one month after the Battle of the Coral
Sea, five months after the Japanese capture of Wake Island, and exactly six months to the
day after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. The United States Navy decisively defeated a
Japanese attack against Midway Atoll. This Battle of Midway was, by most accounts, the
beginning of the end of the Japanese Navy's control of the Pacific Ocean. Midway was
also an important submarine base.
Use of Atomic Weapons in WWII: The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the
United States at the executive order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman on August 6 and
9, 1945. After six months of intense fire-bombing of 67 other Japanese cities, the nuclear
weapon "Little Boy" was dropped on the city of Hiroshima on Monday, August 6, 1945,
followed on August 9 by the detonation of the "Fat Man" nuclear bomb over Nagasaki.
These are to date the only attacks with nuclear weapons in the history of warfare. These
bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of around 120,000 people (mostly civilians)
from injuries sustained from the explosion and acute radiation sickness, and even more
deaths from long-term effects of (ionizing) radiation. The use of these weapons was and
remains controversial
Essay: The following are sample essay questions. For the second exam you will be asked
to answer one of these questions (the wording may change, but only slightly). An
acceptable “college-level” response will consider the entire question, providing specific
examples to justify your responses. There will be no “partial credit” for essays that do not
address the questions.
1. In class I argued that racism and imperialism were seen by many Nativists as logical,
scientific, and “progressive” policies. (i) Briefly describe the rationale used by Nativists
to support this claim. (ii) Provide an example each for both racial and imperial policies
pursued by the U.S. during the Progressive Era.
2. (i) Describe the goals and give specific examples of the three main types of
Progressive reform groups, making sure to highlight how each was a unique
interpretation of Progressivism. (ii) Which of the three, in your opinion, was the most
successful during the era (be sure to justify your answer)? (iii) Looking at either
Nativism, racism, or “imperialistic” U.S. foreign policy from 1880-1920, how was it
possible for Americans to argue that these actions were as “progressive” as other reforms
of the era?
3. (i) Using specific examples, show why the Great Depression was “great” and how it
destroyed many Americans' faith in industrial-capitalism (at least as it existed in 1929)
(ii) What were some key policies of the New Deal and how did theses policies address
these doubts? (iii) What role did Franklin Roosevelt play in helping Americans cope with
the Great Depression?
4. (I) World War II is often seen by historians as the most pivotal event in U.S. twentiethcentury history. Why? (ii) Give at least two examples where the war fundamentally
changed the country. (Do not focus simply on the defeat of the Nazis, Japanese, etc., as
this is not relevant to the question.)