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Seed Biology, Fall 2003
Seed Biology
HORT363/CSS 360
Fall 2003
SE E D
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I O LO G
T IVE
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NTE
H. Nonogaki
Syllabus prepared by
Hiro Nonogaki, Assistant Professor
Department of Horticulture
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 973331-7304
[email protected]
HORT/CSS360
H. Nonogaki
Seed Biology, Fall 2003
HORT/CSS360
Course Overview and Objectives
This course focuses on the biology of plant seeds. The intent of this course is to learn the
phenomena and the principles of seed formation and development, dormancy, germination, and
early seedling establishment. It is important to understand these mechanisms and the strategies
of seed survival and plant propagation from a multidisciplinary scientific viewpoint. To achieve
these objectives, the course covers ecological, physiological, biochemical and molecular
biological, and genetic aspects of seeds. The application of seed biology principles in hybrid seed
production will be also introduced in this class. Some lectures will include demonstrations of
experimental materials and techniques.
The course begins by introducing the mechanisms of flower development, flowering and
fertilization that are indispensable steps to initiate seed formation and development. Seed
development is divided into three different stages, early, mid and late embryogenesis. The
specific events in each stage will be explained. Recent advances in research on the mechanisms
of seed dormancy and germination will be introduced. Lectures will also cover some of the basic
concepts in plant biology, such as signal transduction, cell walls, cell membranes and symbiosis.
The Expected Student Learning Outcomes
Students in this class will learn basic knowledge on seed development, dormancy and
germination and understand the strategy of plants to survive under natural conditions.
Evaluation
Students will be evaluated by a mid term (50%) and a final (50%) exam.
.
CARROT POLLEN GERMINATION
FLOWER
stigma
gynoecium
2-Dimensional electrophoresis
IEF
anther
filament
stamen
(Isoelectric focusing)
SDS-PAGE
pH 3.0
(sodium dodesylsulfate
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)
style
petal
Pollen tube
“pI”
sepal
1D
ovule
2D
seeds
Pollen tube elongation
UNDERGRAOUND GRANARIES
PRODUCTS
Fertilization
Antipodal cells
Photosynthesis
sucrose
Leaf
Removal of
germinated seeds
Seed
hexose
hexose
Egg cell
Synergid cell
Sunning to avoid germination
amino acids
Central nuclei
Sperm nuclei
“molecular mass”
pH 10.0
PB
Proteins
Plastid
Polysaccharides
fatty acids
ER
OB
Lipids
Wet seeds
“nip” to prevent germination
Crushed to feed the larvae
(Based on Moggridge, 1873; Sykes, 1835; Kozlows ki, 1972)
PROBE SYNTHESIS
TOMATO SEED
GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN
mRNAs
Testa
Reverse Transcription
dATP, dTTP,
dGTP, Cy5-dCTP)
Endosperm
dATP, dTTP,
dGTP, Cy3-dCTP
Embryo
cDNA probes
Examples of slide presentations for Seed Biology 360
H. Nonogaki
Seed Biology, Fall 2003
Contents
I. SEED DEVELOPMENT
1. FLOWERING
i) Control of Flowering
ii) Flower Development
2. FERTILIZATION
i) Pollination
ii) Double Fertilization
iii) Male Sterility
iv) Self-incompatibility
3. EARLY EMBRYOGENESIS
i) Embryogenesis
ii) Endosperm Development
4. MID EMBRYOGENESIS
i) Seed Reserves – Carbohydrates
ii) Seed Reserves – Lipids
iii) Seed Reserves – Proteins
5. LATE EMBRYOGENESIS
Desiccation Tolerance
6. MATURE SEEDS
i) Seed Morphology
ii) Seed Dispersal
II. SEED DORMANCY
1. TYPES OF DORMANCY
Types of Dormancy
2. CONTROL OF DORMANCY
i) Plant Hormones
ii) Phytochrome
III. SEED GERMINATION
1. IMBIBITION
i) Water Uptake
ii) Oxygen Uptake
2. GERMINATIVE EVENTS
i) Embryo Growth
ii) Endosperm Weakening
3. POST-GERMINATIVE EVENTS
i) Reserve Mobilization
ii) Seedling Establishment
IV. SEED VIABILITY
1. LONGEVITY
Longevity
2. DETERIORATION MECHANISMS
Deterioration Mechanisms
V. SEED BIOLOGY – APPLICATION
HORT/CSS360
H. Nonogaki
Seed Biology, Fall 2003
HORT/CSS360
Class Schedule
(T, R: 10:00-10:50 am; W: 3:00-3:50 pm)
Week
1
Date
9/30 T
10/1 W
2 R
Lecture
1
2
3
Title
Introduction and Course Overview
Control of Flowering
Flower Development
2
10/ 7 T
8 W
9 R
4
5
6
Pollination
Double Fertilization
Male Sterility, Self-Incompatibility
3
10/14 T
15 W
16 R
7
8
9
(Demo 1) A Model Plant - Arabidopsis
(Demo 2) Protein, DNA and RNA Electrophoresis
Embryogenesis
4
10/21 T
22 W
23 R
10
11
12
Endosperm Development
Seed Reserves – Carbohydrates
Seed Reserves – Lipids
5
10/ 28 T
29 W
30 R
13
14
15
Seed Reserves – Proteins
Desiccation Tolerance
Seed Morphology, Seed Dispersal
6
11/ 4 T
5 W
6 R
16
17
(Demo 3) Seed Anatomy
Review
Mid Term
7
11/11 T
12 W
13 R
18
19
20
Types of Dormancy
Plant Hormones
Phytochrome
8
11/18 T
19 W
20 R
21
22
23
Water Uptake, Oxygen Uptake
Embryo Growth
Endosperm Weakening
9
11/25 T
26 W
27 R
24
25
Reserve Mobilization, Seedling Establishment
Longevity, Deterioration Mechanisms
Thanksgiving !
10
12/ 2
3
4
26
27
28
Seed Biology – Application
(Demo 4) Seed Testing
Review
T
W
R
12/11 R
Final Exam ( 9:30 – 11:30 am)
H. Nonogaki
Seed Biology, Fall 2003
HORT/CSS360
Books for further learning
Bewley, J.D. and Black, M. 1994. Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination. Ed 2.
New York, Plenum Press.
Buchanan, B.B., Gruissem, W. and Jones, R.L. 2000. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of
Plants. Rockville, Maryland, American Society of Plant Biologists.
Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of Seed Plants. Ed 2. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
Raven, P.H., Evert, R.F. and Eichhorn, S.E. 1999. Biology of Plants. New York, Freeman/Worth.
Young, J.A. and Young, C.G. 1992. Seeds of Woody Plants in North America. Portland,
Dioscorides Press.
Useful websites for further learning
FLOWERING
<Florigen>
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e30/30c.htm
(Botany Online, University of Hamburg)
<Photoperiodism>
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/External_FactorsPlant_Growth/External_Factors_&_growth/photoperiodism/
(University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Botany)
<Electronmicroscopy>
http://www.mse.iastate.edu/microscopy/whatsem.html
(Iowa State University, Materials Science and Engineering Dept.)
<ABC Model>
http://www.its.caltech.edu/~plantlab/
(Meyerowitz Lab, California Institute of Technology)
<Arabidopsis Genome Project>
http://www.nsf.gov/bio/pubs/arabid/
(Multinational Coordinated Arabidopsis thaliana Genome Research Project, National Science
Foundation)
<Arabidopsis Information>
http://www.arabidopsis.org/info/aboutarabidopsis.html
(TAIR, The Arabidopsis Information Resource)
<Arabidopsis Seeds>
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~plantbio/Facilities/abrc/abrchome.htm
(ABRC, Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center, Ohio State University)
<Arabidopsis Knockout Plants>
http://signal.salk.edu/tabout.html
(SIGnAL, Salk Institute Genomic Analysis Laboratory, National Science Foundation)
H. Nonogaki
Seed Biology, Fall 2003
FERTILIZATION
<Meiosis>
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/meiosis/main.html
(The Biology Project, University of Arizona)
<Yucca & Moth>
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ww0902a.htm
(WAYNE'S WORD, Volume 9 [Number 2] Summer 2000)
<Ginkgo biloba>
http://www.xs4all.nl/~kwanten/thetree.htm
(THE GINKGO PAGES)
<Double Fertilization>
http://www.emunix.emich.edu/~ghannan/systbot/doublefertanimation.html
(Computer Teaching Tips, Eastern Michigan University)
<Passiflora>
http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gallery_query?q=passiflora
(BWG Digital Library, Texas A &M University)
<Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH)>
http://www.biochemistry.iupui.edu/hurley-web/aldh.html
(Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine)
<Cytoplasmic Male Sterility>
http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/mcclean/plsc431/maternal/maternal4.htm
(Plsc431/631, Intermediate Genetics, North Dakota State University)
<Cytoplasmic MaleSterility>
http://www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/seeds/CONTENTS/Sterility.htm
(Indian Agricultural Resources – Seeds)
<Self-incompatibility>
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/S/SelfIncompatibilty.html
(Kimball's Biology Pages)
EARLY EMBRYOGENESIS
<Virtual Scanning Electron Microscopy>
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/electronmicroscopy/magnify1/index.html
(Molecular Expressions [Dr. Michael W. Davidson], Florida State University)
<Embryonic Stem Cells>
http://www.news.wisc.edu/packages/stemcells/
(Embryonic Stem Cell Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison)
<Pea Embryo Development>
http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/staff/trevor-wang/embryo.htm
(Dr. Trevor Wang, John Innes Center, UK)
<Microtubules>
http://nessie.bch.ed.ac.uk/PAUL/MT/
HORT/CSS360
H. Nonogaki
Seed Biology, Fall 2003
HORT/CSS360
(Structural Biochemistry Group, The University of Edinburgh, Institute of Cell and Molecular
Biology)
<Apomixis>
http://billie.btny.purdue.edu/apomixis/apomixis.html
(Bellagio Apomixis Conference, Purdue University)
<Parthenocarpy>
http://www.eng.iastate.edu/explorer/topics/grapes/answer1.htm
(Iowa State University)
MID EMBRYOGENESIS
<Amylopectin Model>
http://www.sbu.ac.uk/water/hysta.html
(Water structure and behavior, Dr. Martin Chaplin, Southern Bank University, UK)
<Peptide Bond>
http://michele.usc.edu/java/pept.html
(Peptides and Proteins, Synthesis, A condensation reaction)
LATE EMBRYOGENESIS
<BLAST Search>
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/
(NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information)
<Terminator Seeds>
http://dragon.zoo.utoronto.ca/~jlm-gmf/t0701c/mechanisms.htm
(Terminator Technology)
LONGEVITY
<Longevity Gene “Indy”>
http://whyfiles.org/shorties/070old_fly/
(Lord of the [Ancient] Flies)
ELECTROPHORESIS
<Amino Acids>
http://wbiomed.curtin.edu.au/teach/biochem/tutorials/AAs/AA.html
(School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia)
<Protein Gel Electrophoresis>
http://www.rit.edu/~pac8612/electro/Electro_Sim.html
(Electrophoresis Simulation Site, Rochester Institute of Technology)
OTHER LINKS
<Seed Proteomics>
http://germproteomics.ba.cnr.it/
H. Nonogaki
Seed Biology, Fall 2003
HORT/CSS360
<International Society of Seed Science [ISSS]>
http://www.css.cornell.edu/ISSS/isss.htm
<Seed Biology at Ohio State University>
http://www.ag.ohio-state.edu/~seedbio/
<Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis>
http://sbc.ucdavis.edu/index.htm
This undergraduate course is part of the educational activities in the Integrative Seed Biology Program
funded by
National Science Foundation.