Download Sample

Name __________________________________________________________
Chapter 2 – Quick Quiz 1
1.
Which component of personality represents morality and parental authority?
a. the id
c. the libido
b. the ego
d. the superego
2.
Luke is obsessive about cleanliness. He can’t stand it when someone creates a mess in his house or puts
something back in the wrong place. A Freudian psychoanalyst would likely say that Luke is fixated in the
_________ stage.
a. latency
c. anal
b. oral
d. phallic
3.
Penny is a folklorist who studies myths and stories from different cultures around the world. She notices
that there are some character types that appear frequently, despite the fact that the cultures she studies have
had little to no contact with each other. Whose work would Penny likely cite to explain this observation?
a. Karen Horney
c. Clara Thompson
b. Sigmund Freud
d. Carl Jung
4.
What does the empirical evidence show about the Myers-Briggs test’s ability to predict a person’s behavior
on the job or in relationships?
a. The measure has never been applied to this task.
b. The evidence does not support it.
c. There are mixed results.
d. The test has been clearly established as strong and reliable.
5.
Regarding the Big Five, most psychologists would probably agree with the statement that
a. an individual’s core traits change a lot throughout his or her lifetime.
b. important traits involved in mental disorders are included in the Big Five.
c. they only apply to people in western cultures, such as the United States and Great Britain.
d. they lie at the core of key personality variations among individuals throughout the world.
6.
Which of the following describes the general relationship between genes and personality?
a. A genetic predisposition does not necessarily imply genetic inevitability.
b. Personality problems that have a genetic component will inevitably occur if a person has the particular
gene(s).
c. In spite of genetic dispositions and temperament, we can transform our personality completely.
d. Individual personality traits are likely to depend on a single gene.
7.
A person’s personality can affect the way they perceive an experience. Conversely, different experiences
can change the way a person’s perceptions take place. This is an example of which concept?
a. social-cognitive interaction
c. heritability
b. nature–nurture theory
d. reciprocal determinism
8.
A culture in which people tend to see themselves as autonomous, and value individual goals and wishes
above duty and relations with others would be described as
a. individualist.
c. autonomic.
b. narcissistic.
d. collectivist.
9.
_______________ cultures value group harmony, duty, obligation, and security.
a. Collectivist
c. Individualist
b. Shared environment
d. Western
10.
Which of the following theories of personality would be most likely to emphasize the freedom of
individuals to choose to act in particular ways?
a. humanist
c.
b. behaviorist
d.
psychodynamic
collectivist
Chapter 2 – Quick Quiz 1
Answer Key
1.
d
Rationale: This is a description of the superego. (Page 40, Factual)
2.
c
Rationale: Those fixated at the anal stage may become “anal retentive,” holding everything in,
obsessive about neatness and cleanliness, or they may become just the opposite, “anal
expulsive”—messy and disorganized. (Page 42, Factual)
3.
d
Rationale: Carl Jung believed that all human beings share a vast collective unconscious,
containing universal memories, symbols, images, and themes, which he called archetypes. (Page
43, Applied)
4.
b
Rationale: There is little evidence to support the Myers-Briggs test’s key premise that knowledge
of a person’s type reliably predicts behavior on the job or in relationships. (Page 46, Factual)
5.
d
Rationale: Most researchers today agree that the Big Five do lie at the core of key personality
variations among individuals. The Big Five have emerged as distinct, central personality
dimensions throughout the world, in countries as diverse as Britain, Canada, the Czech Republic,
China, Ethiopia, Turkey, the Netherlands, Japan, Spain, the Philippines, Germany, Portugal, Israel,
Korea, Russia, and Australia. (Pages 47–48, Conceptual)
6.
a
Rationale: Genes are not destiny. A person might have genes that predispose him or her to a
personality trait, but without certain environmental stresses or circumstances, the trait may not
develop. (Pages 53–54, Conceptual)
7.
d
Rationale: In social-cognitive theories, the two-way interaction between aspects of the
environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits is called reciprocal
determinism. (Page 55, Conceptual)
8.
a
Rationale: In individualistic cultures the independence of the individual often takes precedence
over the needs of the group. (Page 58, Factual)
9.
a
Rationale: This is a description of collectivist cultures. (Pages 58–59, Conceptual)
10.
a
Rationale: The humanist approach to personality emphasizes our uniquely human capacity to
determine our own actions and futures. (Page 63, Conceptual)
Name __________________________________________________________
Chapter 2 – Quick Quiz 2
1.
Winnie is attracted to her best friend’s boyfriend. Despite her friendship, when her friend isn’t around,
Winnie tries to steal him away. According to Freud, which part of the personality would be responsible for
this behavior?
a. projection
c. the ego
b. the id
d. the superego
2.
Making a vow of celibacy was difficult for Andrew when he became a priest, but he remained true to his
vow. On his 25th anniversary, the congregation held a reception and displayed several pieces of liturgical
art that Andrew had created over the past two decades. According to Freud, Andrew’s artistic creations
might be the result of
a. sublimation.
c. denial.
b. reaction formation.
d. projection.
3.
Which of the following statements summarizes a key principle of the object-relations school of thought?
a. Infants develop their personality based upon which objects they encounter.
b. All human beings share a vast collection of universal memories and beliefs.
c. Individuals need to find a balance between the need for independence and the need for others.
d. Infants only care about adults who fulfill their basic needs and desires.
4.
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
a. agreeableness
c. neuroticism
b. openness to experience
d. psychoticism
5.
The nature–nurture debate can be summarized by asking which of the following questions?
a. Are differences between people caused by genes or the environment?
b. Are people naturally nurturing?
c. Can all people be divided into “nature” or “nurture” personality types?
d. Do animals have personalities?
6.
Which of these sibling pairs will share the greatest number of genes?
a. two brothers who were born of the same two parents 18 months apart
b. a brother and sister who are fraternal twins
c. two brothers who develop from the same fertilized egg
d. two sisters who are fraternal twins
7.
In behavioral-genetic research, _______________ includes the family background in which you grew up
and the experiences you shared with your siblings and parents.
a. the surface structure
c. the shared environment
b. the nonshared environment
d. the deep structure
8.
Which statement reflects the relative influence of parent and peer influences on academic achievement?
a. A child’s parents usually have about the same influence as the child’s peers.
b. Male children are usually more influenced by their peers, but female children are more influenced by
their parents.
c. Parents usually have more influence than peers.
d. Peers usually have more influence than parents.
9.
Based on his research, Richard Nisbett has hypothesized that ________________ is the cause of higher
rates of white homicide in some regions of the United States.
a. higher testosterone levels
c. poverty
b. a history of slavery
d. an economy originally based on herding
10.
If parents accept Carl Rogers’s approach to personality development, then they are likely to respond in
which of the following ways when their daughter kicks her little brother?
a. “How can you be such a mean child? Now you’ll go to your room for 30 minutes.”
b. “Our rule is that it’s not OK to hurt one another.”
c. “If you don’t tell brother you are sorry, then Mommy won’t kiss you good night.”
d. “Daddy has unconditional love for you and understands that you just felt like kicking someone.”
Chapter 2 – Quick Quiz 2
Answer Key
1.
b
Rationale: The id is the reservoir of unconscious psychological energies and the motives to avoid
pain and obtain pleasure. (Page 40, Applied)
2.
a
Rationale: When displacement serves a higher cultural or socially useful purpose, as in the
creation of art or inventions, it is called sublimation. In this example, sexual energy has been
channeled into art. (Page 41, Applied)
3.
c
Rationale: According to object-relations theorists, the central problem in life is to find a balance
between the need for independence and the need for others. (Page 43, Conceptual)
4.
d
Rationale: The Big Five personality factors are extroversion vs. introversion, neuroticism vs.
emotional stability, agreeableness vs. antagonism, conscientiousness vs. impulsiveness, and
openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience. (Page 47, Factual)
5.
a
Rationale: The nature–nurture debate centers around whether individual differences are caused
nature (biology/genes) or nurture (experience/environment). (Page 49, Conceptual)
6.
c
Rationale: Because identical twins come from the same fertilized egg, they are far more
genetically alike than are other siblings. (Page 52, Applied)
7.
c
Rationale: This is a definition of shared environment. (Pages 55–56, Factual)
8.
d
Rationale: Peer support is typically more influential in academic achievement than parental values.
(Page 57, Conceptual)
9.
d
Rationale: White homicide rates in the United States are highest in the South and some western
regions where cultures were historically based on herding rather than agriculture. (Page 60,
Factual)
10.
b
Rationale: Rogers feels that parents can correct a child without withdrawing love from the child by
drawing attention to rules and pointing out that behavior, not the child, is what is bad. (Page 63,
Conceptual)
Chapter 2 – Theories of Personality
Multiple Choice Questions
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Learning Objectives
2.1 Freud’s theory of the structure and development of personality
2.2 Carl Jung’s theory of the collective unconscious and how it applies to Harry Potter’s
archenemy, Lord Voldemort
2.3 The nature of the “objects” in the object-relations approach to personality
2.4 Why many psychologists reject most psychodynamic ideas
1.
_______________ is defined as a distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts, motives,
and emotions that characterizes an individual throughout life.
a. A trait
b. Personality
c. Reciprocal determinism
d. The ego
Section: Chapter Introduction
Page(s): 39–40
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: b
Rationale: This is a definition of personality.
% correct 96 a= 4 b= 96 c= 0 d= 0 r = .21
2.
A _______________ is a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
a. personality
b. trait
c. personality type
d. temperament
Section: Chapter Introduction
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Rationale: This is a definition of a trait.
% correct 67 a= 20 b= 67 c= 13 d= 0 r = .26
3.
Page(s): 39–40
Answer: b
After twelve years of attending the same schools, Holly and Amy chose to attend colleges in different
states. Holly remembered Amy as a shy but friendly girl who rarely took risks, and so Holly was surprised
when her friend sent an e-mail describing the thrill of sky-diving. Holly’s surprise occurred because Amy’s
behaviors don’t match the _______________ that Holly had observed in high school.
a. collective unconscious
b. archetypes
c. personality traits
d. defense mechanisms
Section: Chapter Introduction
Page(s): 39–40
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Holly’s personality traits—habitual ways of behaving, thinking, and feeling—seemed to have
changed when she was away at school.
4.
The first psychodynamic theory of personality was developed by
a. Sigmund Freud.
b. John Watson.
c. Abraham Maslow.
d. Carl Jung.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Rationale: Freud developed the first psychodynamic theory.
Page(s): 40
Answer: a
5.
During a job interview, Dr. Sardonicus informs the search committee that she is a psychodynamic theorist.
Given this information, the committee concludes that Dr. Sardonicus probably believes that
a. humans are rational decision makers.
b. personality development is smooth and continuous.
c. psychologists need to rely on objective rather than subjective methods.
d. adult personality is formed primarily by experiences in early childhood.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: The two primary emphases of all psychodynamic theories are the role of the unconscious and the
importance of childhood experiences.
6.
Which of the following is NOT an emphasis shared by all psychodynamic theories?
a. an emphasis on unconscious processes within the mind
b. an emphasis on the role of early childhood experiences
c. an emphasis on adult experiences as the cause of ongoing problems
d. an emphasis on unconscious thoughts and feelings from childhood that later form characteristic
habits, conflicts, and often self-defeating behavior
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: The two primary emphases of all psychodynamic theories are the role of the unconscious and the
importance of childhood experiences.
% correct 67 a= 17 b= 13 c= 67 d= 3 r = .33
7.
Theorists within the psychodynamic tradition would agree that
a. psychological theories should only be developed by studying large groups of subjects.
b. the first five years are critical in the development of adult personalities.
c. psychologists need to rely on objective rather than subjective methods.
d. personality development is smooth and continuous.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: The two primary emphases of all psychodynamic theories are the role of the unconscious and the
importance of childhood experiences.
8.
Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud?
a. the preconscious mind
b. the conscious area
c. suppressions
d. the unconscious
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Rationale: Sigmund Freud emphasized unconscious motives and conflicts.
% correct 86 a= 14 b= 0 c= 0 d= 86
r = .26
9.
Page(s): 40
Answer: d
John dreamed that he was in a train that entered a tunnel. If a psychologist believed that the dream
expressed John's unconscious sexual desires, the psychologist would likely be a
a. humanist.
b. learning theorist.
c. personologist.
d. psychoanalyst.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: d
Rationale: Psychoanalysis was originally formulated by Sigmund Freud and emphasizes unconscious motives
and conflicts. Freud believed that the unconscious reveals itself in art, dreams, jokes, apparent accidents, and
slips of the tongue.
% correct 97 a= 0 b= 0 c= 3 d= 97
r = .25
10.
Which component of personality is present at birth and is the reservoir of unconscious psychological
energies and the motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure?
a. the id
b. the ego
c. the libido
d. the superego
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: a
Rationale: This is a description of the id.
% correct 79
a= 79 b= 7 c= 3 d= 11
r = .21
Which component of personality is a “referee” between the needs of instinct and the demands of society?
a. the id
b. the ego
c. the libido
d. the superego
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: b
Rationale: This is a description of the ego.
11.
% correct 75
a= 3 b= 75 c= 0 d= 21
r = .43
12.
Which component of personality represents morality and parental authority?
a. the id
b. the ego
c. the libido
d. the superego
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Rationale: This is a description of the superego.
% correct 75
a= 11 b= 14 c= 0 d= 75
Page(s): 40
Answer: d
r = .69
In Freud’s theory, the psychic energy that fuels the sexuality instinct is called
a. the libido.
b. the ego.
c. the superego.
d. the id.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Rationale: This is a definition of libido.
13.
Page(s): 40
Answer: a
Winnie is attracted to her best friend’s boyfriend. Despite her friendship, when her friend isn’t around,
Winnie tries to steal him away. According to Freud, which part of the personality would be responsible for
this behavior?
a. projection
b. the id
c. the ego
d. the superego
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: The id is the reservoir of unconscious psychological energies and the motives to avoid pain and
14.
obtain pleasure.
Cecil is sexually attracted to his middle-school English teacher. He doesn’t act on his feelings however,
because he realizes that it is unrealistic that his teacher would respond positively to his advances.
According to Freud, which part of the personality would be responsible for Cecil’s restraint?
a. denial
b. the id
c. the ego
d. the superego
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: The ego is a referee between the needs of instinct and the demands of society. It bows to the
realities of life, putting a rein on the id’s desire for sex and aggression until a suitable, socially appropriate
outlet for them can be found.
15.
16.
Latasha sees a cell phone sitting on a park bench. If her superego had a voice, it would probably tell her
a. to take the phone because she really wants it and it will bring her pleasure.
b. that stealing is wrong and she should leave the phone where it is.
c. that if she wants a phone, the logical thing to do is save her money so she can buy one.
d. it’s ok to take the phone because the owner clearly didn’t want it anymore.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: The superego, the last system of personality to develop, is the voice of conscience, representing
morality and parental authority.
17.
According to Freud, the major components of personality do not develop at the same time. The
_______________ is present at birth, then the _______________ develops, and finally the
_______________.
a. libido; superego; ego
b. id; ego; superego
c. ego; id; superego
d. superego; libido; ego
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: The id is present at birth, the ego develops during early childhood, and finally the superego
develops.
18.
Psychoanalysts sometimes describe personality as an iceberg, with the largest part hidden deep below the
water. A person in a boat is aware of only a small part of the iceberg sticking out above the water. In this
metaphor, which part of the personality would the majority of the ice showing above the water represent?
a. the unconscious
b. the id
c. the ego
d. the libido
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: c
Rationale: According to Freud, most of the personality is unconscious. The ego is the largely conscious part of
the personality.
19.
In psychodynamic theory, an inner voice that says that you did something wrong would be most closely
connected with the
a. libido.
b. id.
c. ego.
d. superego.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: The superego is the voice of conscience, representing morality and parental authority.
20.
Davey is a person who strives to be a perfectionist. When he does not meet his self-imposed goals, he is
likely to feel guilt and shame. A Freudian would probably say that Davey’s personality is dominated by his
a. libido.
b. id.
c. ego.
d. superego.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40–41
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: The superego represents morality and parental authority. Someone who is too controlled by the
superego is rigid, moralistic, and bossy.
Lou has very little regard for other people’s feelings or property when he steals from them. A Freudian is
likely to consider which part of Lou’s personality to be underdeveloped?
a. superego
b. id
c. mandala
d. Oedipus complex
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40–41
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: a
Rationale: A well-developed superego would mean Lou had feelings of guilt and shame about breaking the
rules.
21.
According to Freud, if a person’s id is in conflict with social rules, one strategy the ego can use is
a. a defense mechanism.
b. fixation.
c. a mandala.
d. the Oedipus complex.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 41
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: a
Rationale: If a person feels anxious or threatened when the wishes of the id conflict with social rules, the ego
has weapons at its command to relieve the tension. These unconscious strategies are called defense
mechanisms.
22.
23.
During a grade school field trip, Ryan and his friends were running down a hill when he stepped on a
snake. He was unharmed but shaken by the experience. When one of his friends mentioned the incident
months later, Ryan could not remember running down the hill that day. Freud would say that this is an
example of
a. sublimation.
b. displacement.
c. repression.
d. reaction formation.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 41
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: The memory of the snake was distressing to Ryan so it was repressed or pushed into the
unconscious.
% correct 93
24.
a= 0 b= 0 c= 93 d= 7
r = .21
Anna is a morally rigorous person who demands that her daughter remain a virgin until she is married.
Anna cannot remember her own premarital sexual encounters. Which defense mechanism would likely
account for this memory lapse?
a. rationalization
b. denial
c. repression
d. projection
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 41
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Repression occurs when a threatening idea, memory, or emotion is blocked from consciousness.
% correct 76 a= 3 b= 21 c= 76 d= 0
r = .24
25.
Vito is angry when the school bus driver blames Vito for misbehaving when it actually was the child
behind him who had been acting up. As he gets off the bus, he kicks the bus tire. Freud would say that Vito
is unconsciously using the defense mechanism of
a. displacement.
b. repression.
c. projection.
d. denial.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 41
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: a
Rationale: This is an example of displacement, where Vito’s anger is directed toward the bus tire rather than
the true object of his anger, the bus driver.
26.
Which defense mechanism involves reversion to an earlier phase of psychological development?
a. repression
b. regression
c. denial
d. projection
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 41
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: b
Rationale: This is a definition of regression.
27.
The junior class at a local high school was stunned when an alcohol-impaired driver missed a turn and
caused a fatal accident involving a classmate. The school crisis team noted that many classmates responded
in ways that seemed to indicate that they were invulnerable to this kind of tragedy because “They were
careful drivers who always wore seatbelts.” The crisis team concluded that these students were using the
defense mechanism called
a. regression.
b. projection.
c. displacement.
d. denial.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 41
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: d
Rationale: Denial is a refusal to admit to something unpleasant or distressing.
28.
Making a vow of celibacy was difficult for Andrew when he became a priest, but he remained true to his
vow. On his 25th anniversary, the congregation held a reception and displayed several pieces of liturgical
art that Andrew had created over the past two decades. According to Freud, Andrew’s artistic creations
might be the result of
a. sublimation.
b. reaction formation.
c. denial.
d. projection.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 41
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: When displacement serves a higher cultural or socially useful purpose, as in the creation of art or
inventions, it is called sublimation. In this example, sexual energy has been channeled into art.
29.
Diego hears from the doctor that he has a serious disease. Diego’s response is “This can’t be true! There’s
been a mistake. It cannot be me.” What Freudian defense mechanism is Diego using?
a. denial
b. projection
c. repression
d. displacement
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 41
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: a
Rationale: Denial occurs when people refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening.
30.
If the frustration, conflict, and anxiety associated with a particular psychosexual stage are not properly
resolved, Freud believed children may
a. jump forward to the genital stage.
b. regress back to the anal stage.
c. remain fixated, or stuck, at that stage.
d. fail to develop a superego.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 41–42
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Fixation occurs when a person essentially gets stuck in a particular stage because its problems and
conflicts were unresolved.
31.
According to Freud, personality develops through a series of psychosexual stages. The stage that occurs
during the first year of life is called the __________ stage.
a. latency
b. oral
c. anal
d. phallic
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 42
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: b
Rationale: The oral stage occurs during the first year of life.
32.
An orally fixated person would most likely
a. be an only child.
b. dislike his or her father.
c. be a sloppy dresser.
d. eat and smoke a great deal.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 42
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: d
Rationale: Freud believed that some people who become fixated at the oral stage will seek oral gratification
in smoking, overeating, nail biting, or chewing on pencils as adults.
% correct 95
a= 5 b= 0 c= 0 d= 95
r = .20
33.
The process of toilet training occurs during the _______ stage.
a. phallic
b. oral
c. anal
d. genital
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 42
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: c
Rationale: According to Freud, the anal stage occurs at ages 2 to 3, when toilet training and control of bodily
wastes are the key issues.
% correct 95 a= 0 b= 0 c= 95 d= 5
r = .55
34.
Luke is obsessive about cleanliness. He can’t stand it when someone creates a mess in his house or puts
something back in the wrong place. A Freudian psychoanalyst would likely say that Luke is fixated in the
_________ stage.
a. latency
b. oral
c. anal
d. phallic
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 42
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Those fixated at the anal stage may become “anal retentive,” holding everything in, obsessive
about neatness and cleanliness, or they may become just the opposite, “anal expulsive”—messy and
disorganized.
35.
Four-year-old Lindsey squeezes between her Mommy and Daddy as they sit together on the couch. She
cuddles her Daddy but refuses to kiss her Mommy. This illustrates which Freudian concept?
a. the genital stage
b. the Oedipus complex
c. fixation
d. the collective unconscious
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 42
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: This is an example of the Oedipus complex where a child wishes to possess the parent of the other
sex and get rid of the parent of the same sex.
36.
Which psychosexual stage is most crucial for the formation of personality, according to Freud?
a. the oral stage
b. the anal stage
c. the phallic stage
d. the genital stage
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 42
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Freud thought the phallic stage with its Oedipal complex was the most crucial stage for the
formation of personality.
% correct 83
a= 10 b= 13 c= 83 d= 3
r = .45
37.
What are the stages of psychosexual development in order, beginning from birth?
a. anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
b. oral, anal, latency, genital, phallic
c. oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic
d. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 42
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: The oral stage occurs during the first year, the anal stage during the second and third years, the
phallic stage during the preschool period, the latency through the elementary school years until puberty, and
then the genital stage.
% correct 93
a= 3 b= 0 c= 3 d= 93
r = .43
38.
When boys are in the Oedipal stage, according to Freud,
a. they are distressed because when they grow up they won’t be able to have babies.
b. they are horrified by naked girls, because girls have had their penises cut off.
c. they are distressed to learn that they can never nurse a baby like Mommy can.
d. they do not have a powerful motivation to give up their Oedipal feelings for their mothers.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 42
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: Freud believed that both boys and girls would think that girls were born with a penis and
somehow lost it.
39.
The stage of personality development which lasts from about age 6 until puberty is known as the _______
stage.
a. phallic
b. anal
c. genital
d. latency
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 42
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: Freud believed that when the Oedipus complex is resolved, at about age 5 or 6, the child settles
into a supposedly nonsexual latency stage, in preparation for the genital stage, which begins at puberty and
leads to adult sexuality.
% correct 79 a= 10 b= 0 c= 10 d= 79
r = .32
40.
Which of the following statements most closely reflects the current view of Freudian theory?
a. Freud’s works have been thoroughly and completely rejected by virtually all respectable psychologists.
b. Most psychologists agree that careful scientific study has confirmed most of Freud’s ideas.
c. While some of Freud’s ideas have been proven wrong, almost all psychologists agree that he used
good scientific methodology.
d. Freud’s basic ideas are accepted by many psychologists, while others reject them as unscientific.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 42
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: Many believe the overall framework of Freud’s theory is timeless and brilliant while others think
psychodynamic theory is nonsense.
Which psychoanalyst is known for arguing that the concept of “penis envy” was insulting and misguided?
a. Carl Jung
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Karen Horney
d. Raymond Cattell
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 43
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Karen Horney argued that it was insulting and unscientific to claim that half the human race is
dissatisfied with its anatomy.
41.
42.
According to _______________, there is a collective unconscious shared by all human beings, containing
universal memories, symbols, and images that are the legacy of human history.
a. Carl Jung
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Karen Horney
d. Raymond Cattell
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 43
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: Carl Jung, a psychodynamic theorist, proposed the idea of the collective unconscious to explain
myths and superstitions.
% correct 77
a= 77 b= 0 c= 20 d= 3
r = .60
43.
Carl Jung believed that the visual archetype called a _____________ in Eastern religions symbolizes the
unity of life and “the totality of the self.”
a. Earth Mother
b. shadow
c. mandala
d. Oedipus
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 43
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: An archetype can be an image, such as the “magic circle,” called a mandala in Eastern religions,
which Jung thought symbolizes the unity of life and “the totality of the self.”
44.
Carl Jung would agree that
a. Darth Vader represents the shadow archetype.
b. the collective unconscious differs for each person.
c. human personality is mostly driven by “dark” forces.
d. past conflicts provide the only motivation for current behaviors.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 43
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: The shadow archetype reflects the prehistoric fear of wild animals and represents the evil side of
human nature.
45.
Penny is a folklorist who studies myths and stories from different cultures around the world. She notices
that there are some character types that appear frequently, despite the fact that the cultures she studies have
had little to no contact with each other. Whose work would Penny likely cite to explain this observation?
a. Karen Horney
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Clara Thompson
d. Carl Jung
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 43
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: Carl Jung believed that all human beings share a vast collective unconscious, containing universal
memories, symbols, images, and themes, which he called archetypes.
46.
Which of the following statements summarizes a key principle of the object-relations school of thought?
a. Infants develop their personality based upon which objects they encounter.
b. All human beings share a vast collection of universal memories and beliefs.
c. Individuals need to find a balance between the need for independence and the need for others.
d. Infants only care about adults who fulfill their basic needs and desires.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 43
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: c
Rationale: According to object-relations theorists, the central problem in life is to find a balance between the
need for independence and the need for others.
47.
Dr. Simmons is a psychologist who believes that the central problem in life is to find a balance between the
need for independence and the need for others. She is most likely to be interested in the writings of
a. Melanie Klein and D. W. Winnicott.
b. Karen Horney.
c. Carl Jung.
d. Anna Freud
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 43
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: a
Rationale: According to object-relations theorists like Melanie Klein and Donald Winnicott, the central
problem in life is to find a balance between the need for independence and the need for others.
Suppose a student in your class asked the professor, “Why is it important to study the psychodynamic view
of personality?” Which of the following would be a valid response?
a. Most psychologists agree that it is still valid today.
b. It is based on rigorous scientific study.
c. It has had a huge impact on the way psychologists and nonpsychologists think about personality.
d. It is the only theory that accurately explains personality.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40–45
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Psychodynamic theory has been widely influential, not only in the way we think about personality,
but also in literature, philosophy, and popular culture.
48.
The “objects” in the object-relations school of thought refers to
a. both real and mental representations of other people.
b. the toys an infant plays with.
c. the parts of a person’s personality.
d. a person’s most basic needs and desires.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
49.
Page(s): 44
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: a
Rationale: “Objects” are both real people and mental representations. For example, a child may create a
mental representation of the mother based on his or her perceptions of the parent.
50.
In the object-relations view of development
a. boys identify first with the mother and girls identify with the father.
b. boys identify first with the father and girls identify with the mother.
c. children of both sexes identify first with the father.
d. children of both sexes identify first with the mother.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 44
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: The object-relations school departs from Freudian theory regarding the nature of male and female
development. In the object-relations view, children of both sexes identify first with the mother.
51.
Asked about a recently published study showing that little girls do not have penis envy, a psychodynamic
theorist immediately says that the little girls are all in denial and do not want to admit to the feelings that
they have. This response is an example of
a. basing theories on the retrospective accounts of adults.
b. overgeneralization.
c. the illusion of causality.
d. violating the principle of falsifiability.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 44
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: The principle of falsifiability refers to the idea that any theory can be proven wrong in the face of
certain evidence. In this example, there is no evidence that would prove the psychoanalyst’s beliefs wrong
because the person automatically discounts that evidence as being improperly obtained.
52.
Which is the scientific failing of psychodynamic theories when a researcher concludes from a few cases
that something is true for all?
a. falsifiability
b. generalizing from small sample sizes
c. relying on emotional reactions rather than sound reasoning
d. basing theories on retrospective accounts
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 44
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: b
Rationale: Generalizing becomes a problem when observers fail to confirm their observations by studying
larger, more representative samples and including appropriate control groups.
53.
Some psychologists critique psychodynamic theories because they are largely based on the retrospective
accounts of adults. One reason this is a problem is that
a. adult memories for childhood experiences may be flawed.
b. random samples are biased.
c. childhood experiences can affect adult personalities.
d. retrospective studies only focus on atypical adults.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 45
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: a
Rationale: Retrospective studies work backward, creating theories based on themes in adults’ recollections of
childhood. One reason this is problematic is that childhood memories are often inaccurate, and may be
influenced as much by what is going on in our lives now as by what happened in the past.
54.
Which type of research is likely to create an illusion of causality?
a. longitudinal studies
b. retrospective analysis
c. experiments
d. cross-sectional studies
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 45
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: b
Rationale: A major problem with retrospective analysis is that it creates an illusion of causality between
events.
THE MODERN STUDY OF PERSONALITY
Learning Objectives
2.5 Whether you can trust tests that tell you what “personality type” you are
2.6 How psychologists can tell which personality traits are more central or important than
others
2.7 The five dimensions of personality that describe people the world over
55.
Early philosophers suggested that human personality is based on
a. the sense of being able to achieve goals.
b. early relationships with the mother.
c. four different mixes of basic body fluids.
d. a person’s subjective sense of self and free will.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 46
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Early Greek philosophers thought our personalities fell into four fundamental categories,
depending on mixes of body fluids.
What does the empirical evidence show about the Myers-Briggs test’s ability to predict a person’s behavior
on the job or in relationships?
a. The measure has never been applied to this task.
b. The evidence does not support it.
c. There are mixed results.
d. The test has been clearly established as strong and reliable.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 46
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: There is little evidence to support the Myers-Briggs test’s key premise that knowledge of a
person’s type reliably predicts behavior on the job or in relationships.
56.
Howard’s psychologist asks him to take a personality test. The test consists of a series of standardized
multiple choice items. The test also includes a section where Howard is asked to rate himself on a series of
scales. It is likely that this is a(n)
a. factor analysis.
b. objective test.
c. heredity test .
d. humanist analysis.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 46
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: This is a description of an objective test.
57.
58.
For Gordon Allport, our personalities reflect
a. a few central traits and a greater number of secondary traits.
b. the ways we cope with the struggle to find meaning in existence.
c. whether or not a person received unconditional positive regard throughout childhood.
d. a gradual progression toward self-actualization.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 46–47
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: a
Rationale: Allport believed that each person has a small number of central traits and a larger number of
secondary traits.
59.
Raymond Cattell advanced the study of personality by
a. developing case-study analysis.
b. disproving Early Greek theories of personality.
c. devising the Myers-Briggs inventory.
d. using factor analysis.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: Cattell used factor analysis to identify clusters of correlated items that seem to be measuring some
common, underlying factor.
60.
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits?
a. agreeableness
b. openness to experience
c. neuroticism
d. psychoticism
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: d
Rationale: The Big Five personality factors are extroversion vs. introversion, neuroticism vs. emotional
stability, agreeableness vs. antagonism, conscientiousness vs. impulsiveness, and openness to experience vs.
resistance to new experience.
% correct 97
a= 0 b= 0 c= 3 d= 97
r = .18
61.
_______________ describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy.
a. Agreeableness vs. antagonism
b. Extroversion vs. introversion
c. Neuroticism vs. emotional stability
d. Openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Rationale: This is a description of extroversion vs. introversion.
% correct 73
a= 3 b= 73 c= 0 d= 23
Page(s): 47
Answer: b
r = .45
62.
Walter prefers to stay home on a Friday night and read a good book to hanging out with other people. In
fact, he tends to be fairly reclusive in general. Walter would be best described as
a. introverted .
b. extroverted.
c. neurotic.
d. antagonist.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: a
Rationale: Extroversion and introversion describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy,
respectively. A person who is introverted may be more reclusive, cautious, socially passive, and prefer to stay
in the shadows.
63.
_______________ describes the extent to which people are anxious and impulsive.
a. Agreeableness vs. antagonism
b. Extroversion vs. introversion
c. Neuroticism vs. emotional stability
d. Openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Rationale: This defines neuroticism vs. emotional stability.
% correct 83
64.
a= 0 b= 17 c= 83 d= 0
Page(s): 47
Answer: c
r = .21
Amir is constantly worrying about things, even though he really doesn’t have anything to worry about. He
constantly complains about his coursework, and gives up on difficult projects easily. Amir is best described
as highly
a. antagonistic.
b. extroverted.
c. impulsive.
d. neurotic.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: d
Rationale: Neurotic individuals are worriers, complainers, and defeatists, even when they have no major
problems. They are always ready to see the sour side of life and none of its sweetness.
65.
_______________ describes whether people are cooperative and secure, or irritable and abrasive.
a. Agreeableness vs. antagonism
b. Extroversion vs. introversion
c. Neuroticism vs. emotional stability
d. Openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: a
Rationale: This defines agreeableness vs. antagonism.
% correct 83
a= 83 b= 3 c= 13 d= 0
r = .38
Most of Candice’s relationships with other people are hostile. She frequently gets in fights with strangers
and even close friends. Candice is highly
a. introverted .
b. antagonistic.
c. extroverted.
d. neurotic.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: b
Rationale: Agreeableness and antagonism reflects the tendency to have friendly relationships or hostile ones,
respectively.
66.
67.
_______________ describes whether people are steadfast and persevering, or fickle and careless.
a. Agreeableness vs. antagonism
b. Extroversion vs. introversion
c. Conscientiousness vs. impulsiveness
d. Openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: c
Rationale: This defines conscientiousness vs. impulsiveness.
% correct 97
68.
a= 3 b= 0 c= 97 d= 0
r = .17
_______________ describes the extent to which people are imaginative and questioning, or conforming
and predictable.
a. Agreeableness vs. antagonism
b. Extroversion vs. introversion
c. Conscientiousness vs. impulsiveness
d. Openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Rationale: This defines openness vs. resistance to new experience.
% correct 73
69.
a= 10 b= 10 c= 7 d= 73
Page(s): 47
Answer: d
r = .39
Rene is 85 years old. It is most likely that he has become __________ open to new experiences and
_________ extroverted over the last few decades.
a. more; more
b. less; less
c. more; less
d. less; more
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: b
Rationale: In later adulthood, people become less extroverted and less open to new experience.
70.
Which trait among the Big Five typically decreases by age 30?
a. extroversion
b. neuroticism
c. agreeableness
d. openness to experience
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: b
Rationale: Neuroticism is highest in young people, ages 16 to 21, but usually decreases between ages 30 and
40.
71.
According to many clinical psychologists, an important trait, _______________, is not included among the
Big Five.
a. carelessness
b. suspicion
c. self-absorption
d. neuroticism
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Important traits involved in mental disorders such as psychopathy, self-absorption, and
obsessionality are not included in the Big Five.
72.
Regarding the Big Five, most psychologists would probably agree with the statement that
a. an individual’s core traits change a lot throughout his or her lifetime.
b. important traits involved in mental disorders are included in the Big Five.
c. they only apply to people in Western cultures, such as the United States and Great Britain.
d. they lie at the core of key personality variations among individuals throughout the world.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47–48
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: Most researchers today agree that the Big Five do lie at the core of key personality variations
among individuals. The Big Five have emerged as distinct, central personality dimensions throughout the
world, in countries as diverse as Britain, Canada, the Czech Republic, China, Ethiopia, Turkey, the
Netherlands, Japan, Spain, the Philippines, Germany, Portugal, Israel, Korea, Russia, and Australia.
GENETIC INFLUENCES ON PERSONALITY
Learning Objectives
2.8 Whether animals have “personalities” just as people do
2.9 The extent to which genes influence temperamental and personality differences
among people
2.10 Why people who have highly heritable personality traits are not necessarily stuck
with them forever
73.
The nature–nurture debate can be summarized by asking:
a. are differences between people caused by genes or the environment?
b. are people naturally nurturing?
c. can all people be divided into “nature” or “nurture” personality types?
d. do animals have personalities?
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Page(s): 49
Answer: a
Rationale: The nature–nurture debate centers around whether individual differences are caused by nature
(biology/genes) or nurture (experience/environment).
74.
The functional units of heredity that are composed of DNA and specify the structure of proteins are called
a. heritability.
b. genes.
c. traits.
d. chromosomes.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 49
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: This is the definition of a gene.
75.
Of our total DNA, 98.8 percent is
a. protein.
b. genes.
c. noncoding DNA.
d. chromosomes.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 49
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: 98.8 percent of our total DNA is called noncoding DNA and lies outside the genes.
76.
Which of these research methods would a psychologist be likely to employ to study the influence of
genetics on personality?
a. examining heritability in twins and adopted individuals
b. interviewing people who have known others who were particularly odd or unique
c. administering paper and pencil or computerized questionnaires to hundreds of people
d. documenting the patterns of development and difficulties of psychiatric patients
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 50
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: One method of measuring genetic contributions is by studying heritability in twins and adopted
individuals.
77.
In the study of dogs and their owners, Samuel Gosling and his colleagues found
a. dogs do not have personalities.
b. the owners and neutral observers could not agree on the dogs’ personalities.
c. all of the dogs had similar personality traits.
d. the dog owners and the neutral observers all agreed strongly in their ratings of the dogs’ personalities
along four of the Big Five dimensions.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 50
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: The dog owners, their friends, and the neutral observers all agreed strongly in their ratings of the
dogs’ personalities along four of the Big Five dimensions: extroversion, agreeableness, emotional reactivity
(neuroticism), and openness to experience.
78.
Research on animal personality suggests that
a. many different species demonstrate most of the Big Five factors.
b. only humans have true personalities.
c. only primates (humans, apes, monkeys) have distinctive, characteristic ways of behaving that make
them different from their follows.
d. pet owners make poor observers of their pet’s personality.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 50
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: a
Rationale: To date, Gosling and his colleagues have found evidence of most of the Big Five factors in 64
different species, including the squishy squid, bears, dogs, pigs, hyenas, goats, cats, and of course primates.
79.
Sonia owns a small dog. Both she and a close friend agree that the dog is very extroverted, but a little
neurotic. What is probably true about their opinion?
a. It is incorrect because pet owners have very biased views of their pets’ personality.
b. It is incorrect because extroversion and neuroticism are not personality traits seen in dogs.
c. It is correct because dog owners and friends are fairly good at rating the personality traits of their dogs.
d. It is correct because almost all dogs are extroverted but a little neurotic.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 50
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: When tested, dog owners, their friends, and neutral observers all agreed strongly in their ratings
of the dogs’ personalities along four of the Big Five dimensions: extroversion, agreeableness, emotional
reactivity (neuroticism), and openness to experience.
80.
Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain ways are present in infancy. These
dispositions, called _______________, are assumed to be innate.
a. personalities
b. aptitudes
c. temperaments
d. traits
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 50
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: This is a definition of temperament.
% correct 79 a= 0 b= 0 c= 79 d= 21
r = .59
81.
At the age of four months, Zach was excitable and fearful. His dad taped a colorful picture beside the
changing table to entertain Zach during diaper changes. Zach overreacted to the picture and became
agitated and nervous. Zach is most likely to be classified as a(n) ___________ child.
a. introverted
b. extroverted
c. reactive
d. nonreactive
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 51
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Reactive children overreact to any little thing and tend to be wary and fearful. They also show
greater physiological arousal than nonreactive children.
82.
As an infant, Melanie would lie in her crib without fussing and would rarely cry. As a toddler, she was
curious and fairly extroverted. Melanie would most likely be classified as a ___________ child.
a. precocious
b. nonreactive
c. reactive
d. responsive
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 51
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: Nonreactive infants take things easy. They lie there without fussing; they rarely cry; they babble
happily. As toddlers, they are outgoing and curious about new toys and events. They continue to be easygoing
and extroverted throughout childhood.
83.
During a mildly stressful task, reactive children are more likely than nonreactive to show
a. high levels of stress hormone.
b. increased brain activity.
c. no physiological change.
d. decreased heart rates.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 51
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: During mildly stressful tasks, reactive children are more likely than nonreactive children to have
increased heart rates, heightened brain activity, and high levels of stress hormones.
84.
_______________ is a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is
attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.
a. Reciprocal determinism
b. Heritability
c. Factor analysis
d. Congruence
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 51
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: This is the definition of heritability.
% correct 87 a= 0 b= 87 c= 10 d= 3
r = .20
Your whole class takes a test to obtain scores on “approachability.” Which one of the following describes
the heritability of the trait?
a. the calculated difference between the highest score in the class and the lowest score
b. how much each student’s particular approachability score is due to genetic differences
c. the extent to which your class’s variation in approachability is due to genetic differences
d. the similarity of scores within the class to each of their nearest blood relatives’ scores on the same test
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 51
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: c
Rationale: Heritability is a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is
attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group. This estimate applies only to the group
as a whole. It does not tell you anything about the impact of genetics on any particular individual.
85.
86.
What is the maximum value for heritability?
a. .1
b. 1.0
c. 10
d. 100
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 51
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: Because the heritability of a trait is expressed as a proportion, the maximum value it can have is
1.0 (which would mean that 100 percent of the variation in the trait was due to genetic variation).
87.
Karen reads a study that estimates the heritability of intelligence at .6. She tells a friend that, according to
the article she just read, that 60 percent of her intelligence is determined by her genes. What is true about
Karen’s statement?
a. It is correct.
b. It is incorrect; only 6 percent of her intelligence is determined by her genes.
c. It is incorrect; 60 percent of her intelligence is determined by her environment.
d. It is incorrect; heritability does not tell you anything about the impact of genetics on any particular
individual.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 51
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: d
Rationale: Heritability is a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is
attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group. This estimate applies only to the group
as a whole. It does not tell you anything about the impact of genetics on any particular individual.
88.
Dr. Vongasser works with both biologists and psychologists to study the heritability of personality traits
such as stubbornness and generosity. Which field does Dr. Vongasser likely work in?
a. behavioral genetics
b. psychiatry
c. social-cognitive genetics
d. object relations
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 51
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: a
Rationale: Behavioral genetics is an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with the genetic bases of
individual differences in behavior and personality.
89.
Which trait likely has the highest heritability?
a. speaking accent
b. height
c. table manners
d. music preference
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 51–52
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: b
Rationale: Height is about 90 percent heritable. Most of the variation in the other traits is likely due to
upbringing.
90.
Which of these sibling pairs will share the greatest number of genes?
a. two brothers who were born of the same two parents 18 months apart
b. a brother and sister who are fraternal twins
c. two brothers who develop from the same fertilized egg
d. two sisters who are fraternal twins
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 52
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: c
Rationale: Because identical twins come from the same fertilized egg, they are far more genetically alike than
are other siblings.
91.
New research on identical twins suggests that
a. duplicated or missing blocks of DNA can exist in one identical twin but not the other.
b. they are no more alike genetically than any other two siblings.
c. they can develop when a woman’s ovaries release two eggs instead of one and each egg is fertilized by
a different sperm.
d. they can be born several years apart.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 52
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: Because the twins come from the same fertilized egg, scientists have always assumed that they
share all their genes. Some surprising recent work, however, suggests that duplicated or missing blocks of
DNA can exist in one identical twin but not the other.
92.
Fraternal twins
a. share almost all of the same genes.
b. typically share about half of their genes.
c. share fewer genes than identical twins, but many more than nontwin siblings.
d. share very few genes.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 52
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: Fraternal twins are wombmates, but they are no more alike genetically than any other two siblings
(that is, they share, on average, only half their genes).
93.
Which research approach is probably the best for exploring the heritability of traits?
a. studying adopted siblings and comparing them
b. comparing children adopted into another family with their siblings who remained with their birth
parents
c. comparing fraternal twins
d. comparing identical twins who were raised in different homes
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 52
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: d
Rationale: Because identical twins come from the same fertilized egg, they share the vast majority of their
genes. By studying identical twins raised apart, psychologists can be more certain that any similarities are
due to genetics and not to a shared environment.
94.
Nelda hopes to study the influence of genetics on personality in adults. Which of these research methods is
she likely to employ?
a. examining heritability in twins and adopted individuals
b. interviewing people who have known others who were particularly odd or unique
c. administering paper and pencil or computerized questionnaires to hundreds of people
d. documenting the patterns of development and difficulties of patients in her clinical practice
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 52
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: a
Rationale: One method of measuring genetic contributions is by studying heritability in twins and adopted
individuals.
95.
Identical twins reared apart will often have
a. no more in common than same sex fraternal twins reared apart.
b. similar physical features, but dissimilar personalities.
c. similar physical features and personalities.
d. identical personalities.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 53
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Identical twins reared apart will often have unnerving similarities in gestures, mannerisms, and
moods; indeed, their personalities often seem as similar as their physical features.
96.
Behavioral geneticists are finding that within a group of people, up to_______________ of the variation in
personality traits such as happiness is attributable to genetic differences.
a. 10 percent
b. 50 percent
c. 70 percent
d. 100 percent
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 53
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: For the Big Five and for many other traits, from aggressiveness to overall happiness, heritability
ranges from .20 to .50. This means that within a group of people, up to 50 percent of the variation in such
traits is attributable to genetic differences among the individuals in the group.
97.
Which of the following describes the general relationship between genes and personality?
a. A genetic predisposition does not necessarily imply genetic inevitability.
b. Personality problems that have a genetic component will inevitably occur if a person has the particular
gene(s).
c. Despite genetic dispositions and temperament, we can transform our personality completely.
d. Individual personality traits are likely to depend on a single gene.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 53–54
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: a
Rationale: Genes are not destiny. A person might have genes that predispose him or her to a personality trait,
but without certain environmental stresses or circumstances, the trait may not develop.
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON PERSONALTIY
Learning Objectives
2.11 How social-cognitive theory accounts for apparent changes in personality across
situations
2.12 The extent to which parents can—and can’t—influence their children’s personalities
2.13 How your peers shape certain aspects of your personality and suppress others
98.
A social-cognitive learning theorist is likely to attribute an individual’s personality traits to
a. a combination of learning experiences, expectations, and beliefs.
b. genes.
c. parenting influence alone.
d. peer influence alone.
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 54–55
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: In social-cognitive theories, personality traits result from a person’s learning history and his or
her expectations, beliefs, perceptions of events, and other cognitions.
A person’s personality can affect the way they perceive an experience. Conversely, different experiences
can change the way a person’s perceptions take place. This is an example of which concept?
a. social-cognitive interaction
b. nature–nurture theory
c. heritability
d. reciprocal determinism
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 55
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: In social-cognitive theories, the two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and
aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits is called reciprocal determinism.
99.
100.
In behavioral-genetic research, _______________ includes personal experiences, such as winning the lead
in the school play.
a. peer influence
b. the nonshared environment
c. the shared environment
d. parental influence
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 55
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: b
Rationale: Behavioral geneticists refer to the unique and chance experiences that are not shared with other
family members as the nonshared environment.
101.
In behavioral-genetic research, _______________ includes the family background in which you grew up
and the experiences you shared with your siblings and parents.
a. the influence of “nature”
b. the nonshared environment
c. the shared environment
d. heritability
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 55–56
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: c
Rationale: This is a definition of shared environment.
102.
Which of the following would have the most influence on the personality development of an adopted child?
a. experiences the child has independently from the adoptive family members
b. adoptive family environment
c. adoptive mother’s personality
d. adoptive father’s personality
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 55–56
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: The nonshared environment seems to have more influence than patenting or shared environments
on a child’s personality development.
103.
When child-rearing methods are studied, researchers have found that
a. almost all children have lasting emotional damage if their parents use abuse methods.
b. loving parents who are consistent in their child rearing seldom have troubled children.
c. the shared environment of the home has little if any influence on personality.
d. parents adopt a preferred method of child rearing and seldom vary it from child to child.
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 55–56
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: c
Rationale: Adoption studies suggest the influence of childrearing practices and family life is small. Research
has also indicated the other options are false.
104.
Developmental psychologists have attempted to identify the effects of many specific child-rearing practices
on children’s personality traits. The problem with this line of research discussed in the textbook is that
a. parents who use physical punishment won’t be honest with the researchers.
b. psychologists cannot agree on whether to use cross-sectional or longitudinal approaches.
c. it is difficult to recruit parents to serve as participants in this research.
d. parents are inconsistent from day to day and over the years.
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 56
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: d
Rationale: Few parents have a single child-rearing style that is consistent over time and that they use with all
their children.
105.
Which of the following is true regarding the influence of parenting on the development of their children?
a. Parenting has no influence of children.
b. What parents do profoundly affects the quality of their relationship with their children.
c. Parenting cannot influence traits that are highly heritable.
d. Parenting is the single most important factor in the development of a child’s personality.
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 56
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: b
Rationale: What parents do profoundly affects the quality of their relationship with their children—whether
their children feel loved, secure, and valued or humiliated, frightened, and worthless.
106.
When two psychologists surveyed 275 freshmen at Cornell University, they found that:
a. most of them had “secret lives” that they never revealed to their parents.
b. most of them had confessed at least one rule violation to their parents in the past year.
c. the women shared their “private selves” with parents but the men did not.
d. only stern and authoritarian parents had adolescents with “secret lives.”
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 56
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: Most students surveyed at Cornell had “secret lives” and private selves that they never revealed to
their parents.
107.
Which statement reflects the relative influence of parent and peer influences on academic achievement?
a. A child’s parents usually have about the same influence as the child’s peers.
b. Male children are usually more influenced by their peers, but female children are more influenced by
their parents.
c. Parents usually have more influence than peers.
d. Peers usually have more influence than parents.
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 57
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: Peer support is typically more influential in academic achievement than parental values.
Jerry’s parents place a high value on academic achievement, but his peers do not. Jerry is most likely to
a. split the difference and become an average student.
b. suffer psychological damage.
c. be more strongly influenced by the values of his parents.
d. be more strongly influenced by his peers.
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 57
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: d
Rationale: Research indicates that peers have more influence than parents on students’ attitudes about
academic achievement.
108.
CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON PERSONALITY
Learning Objectives
2.14 How culture influences your personality, and even whether you think you have a
stable one
2.15 Why men in the South and West are more likely to get angry when insulted than
other American men are
2.16 How to appreciate cultural influences on personality without stereotyping
A psychologist is studying how a society’s shared rules, along with the values, beliefs, and attitudes shared
by most members of that community, affect the behavior of individuals. This research could be described
as investigating the effect of _____________ on behavior.
a. culture
b. the collective unconscious
c. shared environment
d. reciprocal determinism
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 58
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: This is a definition of culture.
109.
110.
A culture in which people tend to see themselves as autonomous and value individual goals and wishes
above duty and relations with others would be described as
a. individualist.
b. narcissistic.
c. autonomic.
d. collectivist.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 58
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: In individualistic cultures the independence of the individual often takes precedence over the
needs of the group.
111.
Which of the following is true of an individualist culture?
a. Group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual.
b. The self is defined in the context of relationships.
c. The independence of the individual often takes precedence over the needs of the group.
d. The sense of self is viewed as more flexible than it is in collectivist cultures.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 58–59
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Individualist cultures value the individual person over the needs of the group.
In Ana’s culture, group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual. It is most likely that
Ana defines her “self”
a. in occupational terms.
b. in regard to her personality traits.
c. in terms of her life goals.
d. in the context of her relationships.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 58–59
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: In collectivist cultures where group harmony is more important than the wishes of an individual,
the self is defined in the context of a person’s relationships.
112.
113.
In Kaiti’s culture, the wishes of the individual take precedence over group harmony. It is most likely that
Kaiti defines her “self”
a. in the context of her community.
b. in regard to her personality traits.
c. in regard to her birth order position.
d. in the context of her relationships.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Rationale: In individualist cultures, the self is defined as a collection of personality traits.
_______________ cultures value group harmony, duty, obligation, and security.
a. Collectivist
b. Shared environment
c. Individualist
d. Western
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Easy
Rationale: This is a description of collectivist cultures.
Page(s): 58–59
Answer: b
114.
Members of individualist cultures
a. give priority to personal goals.
b. value obligation and security.
c. stay in relationships beneficial to the group.
d. tend to explain behaviors through group norms.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Easy
Rationale: Individual goals and wishes have high importance in individualist cultures.
Page(s): 58–59
Answer: a
115.
Page(s): 58–59
Answer: a
116.
Members of collectivist cultures
a. give priority to personal goals.
b. value duty, obligation, and security.
c. explain behavior by looking at the person’s attitudes and preferences.
d. value achievement, leadership, and self-fulfillment.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 58–59
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: b
Rationale: Group harmony, cooperation, obligation, and security have high importance in collectivist
cultures.
117.
In a study comparing Japanese and Americans, the Japanese reported that their sense of self changes
_______________ in different situations, whereas the Americans said that _______________ of their sense
of self changes in different situations.
a. 5 percent to 10 percent; 90 percent to 99 percent
b. 20 percent to 30 percent; 70 percent to 80 percent
c. 55 percent to 59 percent; 35 percent to 39 percent
d. 90 percent to 99 percent; 5 percent to 10 percent
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 59
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: d
Rationale: Japanese perceive themselves as changing from one situation to another, whereas Americans view
their sense of self as stable from one situation to another.
118.
Studies of altruistic behavior found that children from _______________ were the least altruistic and most
egoistic of those studied.
a. Kenya
b. Mexico
c. the United States
d. India
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 59
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: American children were the least altruistic and most egoistic of children studied. In cultures that
value individual achievement and self-advancement, altruism as a personality trait is not cultivated to the
same extent as other cultures.
119.
Cross-cultural research revealed that the most altruistic children come from societies in which
a. children’s work makes a genuine contribution to the well-being of the family.
b. parents encourage children toward individual achievement.
c. parents want their children to be leaders and to be self-fulfilled.
d. children are expected to spend their time playing rather than working.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 59
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: In cultures where children are assigned a lot of tasks such as caring for younger children and
gathering and preparing food, altruism is more common in children.
120.
Which one of these representatives at a United Nations committee conference is probably going to be the
most upset when the conference “starts late”?
a. the Canadian delegate
b. the Venezuelan delegate
c. the Congolese delegate
d. the Iraqi delegate
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 60
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: Members of individualistic cultures like Canada tend to be more concerned that things go
according to schedule than do people from Latin American, African, or Middle Eastern cultures.
121.
Rana is eager to begin a semester of college in an overseas exchange program because she has wanted to
immerse herself in a culture with a different view of “being on time.” It is likely that Rana will leave her
home in Missouri and study in
a. Latin America.
b. Northern Europe.
c. Canada.
d. Australia.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 60
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: a
Rationale: In Mexico, southern Europe, the Middle East, South America, and Africa people do many things
at once, and the needs of friends and family supersede mere appointments.
122.
On his first overseas business trip, Mr. Streeter finds it rude that he is constantly kept waiting. After all, his
appointments were set up a week in advance through e-mail. If the lack of punctuality is due to cultural reasons, it is
most likely that his business trip has taken him to
a. a Northern European country.
b. the Middle East.
c. a Canadian province.
d. Australia.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 60
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: b
Rationale: In the Middle East, Mexico, southern Europe, South America, and Africa, time is organized along
parallel lines. People do many things at once and the needs of friends and family supersede mere
appointments.
123.
Based on his research, Richard Nisbett has hypothesized that ________________ is the cause of higher
rates of white homicide in some regions of the United States.
a. higher testosterone levels
b. a history of slavery
c. poverty
d. an economy originally based on herding
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 60
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: d
Rationale: White homicide rates in the United States are highest in the South and some western regions
where cultures were historically based on herding rather than agriculture.
124.
In which region of the United States are rates of white homicide highest?
a. South
b. Midwest
c. Northeast
d. Atlantic coast
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 60
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: a
Rationale: White homicide rates in the United States are highest in the South and some western regions
where cultures were historically based on herding rather than agriculture.
125.
Research on aggressiveness has shown that
a. male aggression is more likely among cultures based on agriculture.
b. men who depend on herding for survival tend to foster cooperative strategies.
c. male aggression results more from cultural factors than biological ones.
d. men develop a culture of honor when their livelihoods are based on agriculture.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 60
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: c
Rationale: Research suggests that the culture plays more of a role in male aggressiveness than do biological
factors.
126.
Carson comes from a culture of honor and tends to get quite riled up when he is insulted. Carson is most
likely from
a. California.
b. Wisconsin.
c. Massachusetts.
d. Maine.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 60–61
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: The emphasis on aggressiveness and vigilance in herding cultures fosters a culture of honor in
areas such as the southern and western United States.
127.
Male aggression is likely high in a culture
a. in which resources are abundant and there are no serious hazards.
b. primarily based on agriculture.
c. in which competition for limited resources is fierce and survival is difficult.
d. with a history of slavery.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 60–61
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Cultures in which competition for limited resources is fierce and survival is difficult, men are
“toughened up” and pushed to take risks, even with their lives.
128.
Peter was raised in the southern United States. When he feels that he has been insulted, it is likely that
a. his body will produce large amounts of cortisol.
b. he will quickly realize it is unimportant and shrug it off.
c. his body will decrease the amount of cortisol it produces.
d. he will feel ashamed and will experience a decrease in testosterone production.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 61
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: When studied, the levels of the stress hormone cortisol shot up in many southerners when they
were insulted.
129.
PRIOR to being insulted, southerners are more likely to _________________ when compared to
northerners.
a. have low cortisol levels
b. have high cortisol levels
c. be impolite and aggressive
d. be polite and deferential
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 61
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: When studied, southerners and northerners who were not insulted were alike on most measures,
with the exception that the southerners were actually more polite and deferential.
130.
Hika comes from a small island culture where resources are abundant and there are no serious hazards or
enemies to worry about. The men in her society are likely to be
a. highly aggressive.
b. not very aggressive.
c. no more or less aggressive than men in any society.
d. polite unless they are insulted or feel their honor threatened.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 61
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: When a society becomes more peaceful, so do its men. For example, among the Ifaluk, the
Tahitians, and the people of Sudest Island near New Guinea, where resources are abundant and there are no
serious hazards or enemies to worry about, men do not feel they have to prove themselves and they are not
raised to be tough and aggressive.
131.
A problem that cultural psychologists face is how to
a. develop an operational definition for “culture.”
b. describe cultural influences on personality without oversimplifying or stereotyping.
c. identify cultural differences that apply to every member.
d. determine which cultures are collectivist and which are individualist.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 62
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: While on average, members from different cultures tend to differ, the study of culture does not
rest on the assumption that all members of a culture behave the same way or have the same personality traits.
THE INNER EXPERIENCE
Learning Objectives
2.17 How humanist approaches to personality differ from psychodynamic and genetic ones
2.18 The contributions of Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May to
understanding our “inner lives”
2.19 How psychological scientists evaluate humanist views
132.
Professor Hirth takes a humanist approach to personality. She would most likely agree that the most
influential aspect of human personality is
a. our genetic makeup.
b. our past learning.
c. our unconscious conflicts.
d. our capacity to shape our own futures.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: d
Rationale: Humanist psychologists emphasize the individual’s ability to control his or her own destiny.
133.
Which of the following theories of personality would be most likely to emphasize the freedom of
individuals to choose to act in particular ways?
a. humanist
b. behaviorist
c. psychodynamic
d. collectivist
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: a
Rationale: The humanist approach to personality emphasizes our uniquely human capacity to determine our
own actions and futures.
134.
According to Abraham Maslow, the most important aspects of personality are
a. the Big Five personality traits.
b. the instincts and repressed conflicts of a person.
c. the qualities of the self-actualized person.
d. the reinforcers and punishers in a person’s learning history.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: c
Rationale: Maslow saw personality development as a gradual progression toward self-actualization.
135.
The personality theorist who described the importance of peak experiences was
a. Abraham Maslow.
b. Carl Rogers.
c. Rollo May.
d. Karen Horney.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Easy
Answer: a
Rationale: The personality theorist who described the importance of peak experiences was Abraham Maslow.
136.
According to Carl Rogers, __________ is love and support given to another with no strings attached.
a. the condition of worth
b. unconditional positive regard
c. existentialism
d. self-actualization
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: To Carl Rogers, unconditional positive regard is love and support given to another with no
conditions attached.
137.
Which of the following, according to Rogers, is MOST likely to become a fully functioning person?
a. someone with a strongly developed superego
b. someone with an extroverted personality
c. someone brought up with conditional positive regard
d. someone brought up with unconditional positive regard
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: To become fully functioning people, Rogers maintained, we all need unconditional positive regard,
love and support for the people we are, without strings (conditions) attached.
% correct 59 a= 7 b= 3 c= 31 d= 59
r = .63
If parents accept Carl Rogers’s approach to personality development, then they are likely to respond in
which of the following ways when their daughter kicks her little brother?
a. “How can you be such a mean child? Now you’ll go to your room for 30 minutes.”
b. “Our rule is that it’s not OK to hurt one another.”
c. “If you don’t tell brother you are sorry, then Mommy won’t kiss you good night.”
d. “Daddy has unconditional love for you and understands that you just felt like kicking someone.”
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: b
Rationale: Rogers feels that parents can correct a child without withdrawing love from the child by drawing
attention to rules and pointing out that behavior, not the child, is what is bad.
138.
139.
According to Carl Rogers, if a man loves his wife only when she is looking her best, then
a. his shadow has dominated his unconscious personality.
b. he is giving her conditional positive regard.
c. he is fixated at the phallic stage of psychosexual development.
d. he would receive a high score on the Big Five trait of neuroticism.
Section: The Inner Experience
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Rationale: Conditional positive regard is love with strings attached.
Page(s): 63
Answer: b
140.
Carl Rogers would agree that
a. a parent can correct a child’s behavior without withdrawing love from the child.
b. punishment is of major importance in becoming a fully functioning person.
c. it is best to raise children with conditional positive regard.
d. human nature involves a fear of freedom, loneliness, and the struggle for meaning.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: a
Rationale: Rogers felt that parents can correct a child without withdrawing love from the child by drawing
attention to rules and pointing out that behavior, not the child, is what is bad.
141.
Allison believes that life is full of such inevitable challenges of existence as the search for the meaning of
life, the need to confront death, and the necessity of taking responsibility for our actions. Which approach
or tradition is she likely to agree with?
a. social-cognitive learning theory
b. psychoanalysis
c. existentialism
d. self-actualization
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Existentialism is a philosophic approach that emphasizes the inevitable dilemmas and challenges
of human existence.
142.
Rollo May would be most likely to agree that
a. our personalities primarily reflect the culture in which we are raised.
b. most people have five to ten central traits that reflect characteristic ways of behaving.
c. adult personalities are formed through experiences that occur in the first five years of life.
d. our personalities reflect the ways we cope with the inevitable struggle to find meaning in life.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: d
Rationale: For May, personality is viewed as a constant search for meaning in life.
143.
Which one of the following statements is most consistent with the writings of Rollo May?
a. A parent can correct a child’s behavior without withdrawing love from the child.
b. Life is dominated by the positive aspects, such as joy, laughter, love, happiness, and peak experiences.
c. Individuals can choose to make the best of themselves by drawing on inner resources such as love and
courage.
d. It is possible to escape the harsh realities of life.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: May popularized the humanist idea that we can choose to make the best of ourselves by drawing
on inner resources such as love and courage, but he added that we can never escape the harsh realities of life
and loss.
144.
People who do not understand the concept of unconditional positive regard fully are likely to misinterpret
the concept as
a. offering constructive criticism when a child needs guidance.
b. setting limits in order to facilitate the child’s development.
c. assurance that a child is loved despite mistakes that are made.
d. an unwillingness to ever say “no” to a child.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63–64
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: Unconditional positive regard does not mean that you should never say “no” to a child.
145.
A major criticism of humanist theories of personality is that
a. it is overly pessimistic about human beings .
b. many of the humanist assumptions are untestable.
c. its operational definitions cannot be generalized to everyday life.
d. peak experiences occur too frequently to be indicators of self-actualization.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 64
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Difficult
Answer: b
Rationale: As with psychodynamic theories, the major criticism of humanist psychology is that many of its
assumptions are untestable.
146.
Many critics of the humanist theory argue that
a. the theory places too much emphasis on “nature,” and not enough on “nurture.”
b. although the concepts in the theory are intuitively appealing, they are difficult to define operationally.
c. although rational decision making is acknowledged, the dominant emphasis on the unconscious
hinders research.
d. the theory provides an excellent framework for interpreting personality in collectivist cultures, but is
inadequate in individualist cultures.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 64
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: b
Rationale: As with psychodynamic theories, a major criticism of humanist psychology is that many of its
assumptions are untestable, at least in part because it is difficult to operationally define its concepts.
147.
Which contemporary specialty follows in the footsteps of humanism by focusing on the qualities that
enable people to be optimistic and resilient in times of stress?
a. positive psychology
b. existentialism
c. psychoanalysis
d. collectivist psychology
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 64
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: This is a description of positive psychology.
148.
One example of the lasting influence of the humanist psychologists is the interest of many contemporary
psychologists in studying
a. the unconscious mind.
b. the role of culture in personality.
c. the many positive human traits, such as courage, altruism, and self-confidence.
d. the role of biology in determining personality.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 64
Type: Factual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: c
Rationale: Influenced in part by the humanists, psychologists are studying many positive human traits, such
as courage, altruism, the motivation to excel, and self-confidence.
149.
The Barnum effect occurs when
a. an individual’s temperament emerges early in life, therefore influencing subsequent personality
development.
b. parental influence over a child begins to wane as the child is influenced by aspects of nonshared
environment.
c. a man in a culture of honor becomes angry after a perceived insult and then behaves aggressively to
restore his honor.
d. an individualized personality analysis is given but it is written in such vague terms that it could apply
to almost everyone.
Section: Taking Psychology with You
Page(s): 66
Type: Conceptual
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: d
Rationale: The Barnum effect refers to the great circus showman, P. T. Barnum, who knew that the formula
for success was to “have a little something for everybody,” just like unscientific personality profiles and
horoscopes.
150.
Cassandra visits a fortune-teller. She is surprised that many of the things the fortune-teller tells her about
herself are accurate. What is the most likely reason for this?
a. the Barnum effect
b. the fortune-teller’s special powers
c. the use of unconditional positive regard
d. the graphology effect
Section: Taking Psychology with You
Page(s): 66
Type: Applied
Difficulty: Moderate
Answer: a
Rationale: The Barnum effect refers to the great circus showman, P. T. Barnum, who knew that the formula
for success was to “have a little something for everybody,” just like unscientific personality profiles and
horoscopes.
True-False Questions
1.
Personality refers to a distinctive pattern of behavior, mannerisms, thoughts, motives, and emotions that
characterize an individual over time and across different situations.
Section: Chapter Introduction
Page(s): 40
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
2.
Freud believed that unconscious conflicts have more power over human behavior than do our conscious
intentions.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
3.
In Freud’s structure of personality there are five major systems that influence a person’s actions.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: According to Freud, the three major systems that interact to produce personality are the id, ego,
and superego.
4.
Freud believed that the ego was the first of the personality components to become evident.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: The id is present at birth, and the ego develops during early childhood.
5.
Defense mechanisms are used by the ego to prevent threatening thoughts from entering consciousness.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 41
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
6.
The defense mechanism of projection is illustrated by the behavior of a 9-year-old boy who starts having
tantrums after his family moves to a different state.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 41
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: This is an example of regression, not projection.
According to Freud, when the Oedipus complex is resolved by about age 5 or 6, the child’s fundamental
personality patterns are formed.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
7.
Page(s): 42
Rationale: Statement of fact.
Type: Factual
Answer: True
8.
An archetype is a universal symbolic image that appears in myths, art, and dreams.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 43
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
9.
Although Carl Jung was fascinated with the darker aspect of human personality, he also had confidence in
the positive strength of the ego.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 43
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
10.
To object-relations theorists, the central problem in life is to find a balance between the need for
independence and the need for others.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 43–44
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
11.
According to object-relations theory, a baby constructs unconscious representations of his or her parents,
which will influence the child’s relations with others throughout life.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 44
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
12.
Although modern psychodynamic theorists differ in many ways, they share a general belief that the way to
understand personality is by exploring its unconscious dynamics.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 44
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
Violating the principle of falsifiability is illustrated when a professor’s case study presentation is criticized,
and he tells his supporters that the critic is in denial.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 44
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
13.
14.
One of the difficulties of retrospective analysis as the foundation for theory development is the fact that it
creates an illusion of causality between events.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 45
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
15.
Objective tests are standardized questionnaires that require written responses.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 46
Type: Factual
Rationale: Statement of fact.
16.
Answer: True
Central traits are changeable aspects of personality, such as musical preferences, habits, and casual
opinions.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 46–47
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: Central traits are characteristic ways of behaving, dealing with others, and reacting to new
situations.
17.
Raymond B. Cattell advanced the study of personality by applying a statistical method called case-study
analysis.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: Cattell is well known for his use of the statistical technique of factor analysis.
18.
Cross-cultural research has identified the Big Five personality traits in places as diverse as China, Spain,
Israel, and Australia.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
19.
The Big Five personality traits are relatively stable throughout a person’s life.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Factual
Rationale: Statement of fact.
Answer: True
20.
The Big Five personality traits represent all the traits that make up personality.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47–48
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: The Big Five are major personality traits, but do not include all possible traits.
21.
Temperaments fluctuate dramatically over time.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 50–51
Type: Factual
Rationale: Temperament is a relatively stable aspect of personality.
Answer: False
22.
Heritability is an interdisciplinary field of study concerned with the genetic bases of behavior and
personality.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 51
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: Heritability is a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is
attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.
23.
About 90 percent of the variation in personality traits is due to genetic differences.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 53
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: For the Big Five and for many other traits, heritability ranges from .20 to .50. This means that up
to 50 percent of the variation in such traits is attributable to genetic differences.
24.
Social-cognitive learning theory emphasizes the continual interaction between persons and a given
situation.
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 54–55
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
25.
The shared environment of the home has a strong influence on a child’s personality development.
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 55–56
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: The shared environment of the home has little, if any, influence on personality.
26.
Most parents have a single child-rearing style that they use consistently with all their children.
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 56
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: Most parents are not consistent in their parenting style.
27.
There may be little relation between what parents do in child rearing and the way that children eventually
turn out.
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 56
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
28.
Even traits that are highly heritable are not rigidly fixed.
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 56
Type: Factual
Rationale: Statement of fact.
Answer: True
Most of the freshmen who participated in a survey at Cornell University reported that they had “secret
lives” that they never revealed to their parents.
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 56
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
29.
When parents value academic achievement but the child’s peers do not, the child usually follows the
parental lead and values academic achievement.
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 57
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: In this situation, the child generally follows the lead of his or her peers.
30.
31.
In individualist cultures, group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 58
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: The individual takes priority over the group in individualist cultures.
People from individualist cultures tend to regard “personality” and the sense of self as being more flexible
than people from collectivist cultures do.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 59
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: People from collectivist cultures tend to regard “personality” and the sense of self as being more
flexible than people from individualist cultures do.
32.
33.
Humanist psychology emphasizes the scientific understanding and assessment of human behavior.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Factual
Answer: False
Rationale: Humanist psychology emphasizes the self, free will, and tendencies toward growth.
34.
Abraham Maslow suggested that personality theorists study healthy, strong, creative individuals.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
35.
Carl Rogers maintained that to become fully functioning, a person needs to receive unconditional positive
regard.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
36.
According to Rollo May, the price of free will is often anxiety and despair.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Factual
Rationale: Statement of fact.
Answer: True
37.
If you do not want to be taken in by the Barnum effect, beware of your selective perceptions.
Section: Taking Psychology with You
Page(s): 66
Type: Factual
Answer: True
Rationale: Statement of fact.
Short-Answer Questions
1.
Identify the theory of personality that predominated during most of the twentieth century and briefly
describe its core principles.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Factual
Answer: Psychodynamic theory dominated the field for much of the twentieth century. All psychodynamic
theories emphasize unconscious processes and the effect of early childhood experiences on adult personality.
2.
What are the three major systems in the structure of personality according to Sigmund Freud? Briefly
describe their roles.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 40
Type: Factual
Answer: The id is the reservoir of unconscious psychological energies and the motives to avoid pain and
obtain pleasure. The ego is a referee between the needs of instinct and the demands of society and represents
reason and good sense. The superego represents morality and parental authority and is the voice of
conscience.
3.
Freud maintained that personality develops in a series of psychosexual stages. Name each of the stages in
the order in which it appears and explain how a fixation at the first three stages might be manifest in an
individual’s personality.
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 42
Type: Factual
Answer:
 Oral stage—Fixation at this stage results in dependent behavior and seeking oral gratification
through such things as smoking, overeating, and nail biting.
 Anal stage—Fixation at this stage can be represented in obsessive neatness and cleanliness (anal
retentive) or in impulsive, messy, and disorganized behavior (anal expulsive).
 Phallic stage—Fixation at this stage may result in unconscious conflicts with parents, unresolved
guilt, and immature reactions to people of the same and opposite sex.
 Latency stage
 Genital stage
4.
What is the “illusion of causality,” and why is it a problem for psychodynamic explanations?
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 45
Type: Factual
Answer: There is a tendency to believe that if A came before B, then A must have caused B, but that is not
necessarily so. Psychodynamic explanations look at the situations and events of someone’s past and attempt to
use them to explain feelings or behaviors in the present, often leading to false conclusions about causes.
5.
Explain the differences between central traits and secondary traits, as defined by Gordon Allport.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 46
Type: Conceptual
Answer: According to Allport, people only have five to ten central traits that reflect a characteristic way of
behaving, dealing with others, and reacting to new situations. In contrast, people have a larger number of
secondary traits, which are more changeable aspects of personality.
6.
What are the Big Five personality traits?
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Type: Factual
Page(s): 47
Answer: Introversion vs. extraversion, neuroticism vs. emotional stability, agreeableness vs. antagonism,
conscientiousness vs. impulsiveness, openness to experience vs. resistance to new experience.
7.
Neuroticism is one of the Big Five personality traits. Compare the specific qualities of an individual who
scores high in neuroticism with the qualities found in an emotionally stable person.
Section: The Modern Study of Personality
Page(s): 47
Type: Factual
Answer: A person who scores high in neuroticism would suffer from traits like anxiety, an inability to control
impulses, and a tendency to feel negative emotions such as anger, guilt, contempt, and resentment. Neurotic
individuals are worriers, complainers, and defeatists, even when they have no major problems. They are
always ready to see the sour side of life and none of its sweetness.
8.
Define heritability and describe an example of a highly heritable trait and an example of a trait that would
have low heritability.
Section: Genetic Influences on Personality
Page(s): 51–52
Type: Conceptual
Answer:
 Heritability is a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variation in a trait that is
attributable to genetic variation within a group.
 The text gives height as a highly heritable trait.
 Preference for hip-hop music would be a low heritability trait.
9.
What is meant by “nonshared environment”?
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 55
Type: Factual
Answer: The nonshared environment is defined as unique aspects of a person’s environment and experience
that are not shared with family members.
10.
Describe the ways in which humanist psychologists have added balance to the study of personality.
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63–64
Type: Conceptual
Answer: The humanist approach to personality emphasizes our uniquely human capacity to determine our
own actions and futures, and focuses on positive traits and human potential.
Essay Questions
1.
It was over a century ago that Sigmund Freud published his theory. How has his work stood the test of
time? How is psychodynamic theory regarded by psychologists and other scholars of the twenty-first
century?
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 42, 44–45
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Both then and now, some people revered Freud as a hero and others viewed him as a crackpot.
 His theories are either viewed as brilliant or nonsense.
 Many psychologists today view psychodynamic ideas as literary metaphors rather than as
scientific rationales.
 Psychological scientists have shown that psychodynamic theories are guilty of three scientific
failings: cannot be falsified, overgeneralization, and basing theories on retrospective accounts.
 Although some empirical research supports a few psychodynamic processes such as defense
mechanisms, much empirical data refute concepts like repression.
2.
How does the object-relations school depart from Freudian theory regarding the nature of male and female
development?
Section: Psychodynamic Theories of Personality
Page(s): 43–44
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.






Children of both sexes originally identify with the mother.
Girls do not need to separate from the mother because they are the same sex.
The mother treats girls as an extension of herself.
Boys need to break away from the mother to develop a masculine identity.
The mother encourages a son to be independent and separate.
Thus, men have more rigid boundaries between themselves and others than do women.
3.
Three crucial aspects of the environment are parents, peers, and particular situations. How much, and in
what ways, does each of these aspects contribute to personality?
Section: Environmental Influences on Personality
Page(s): 54–57
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Parents have little direct influence on personality; however, the child’s personality is shaped in
part by the two-way interaction between parent and child.
 Peers often have a very strong impact on personality development.
 Though people have a set of central or core traits that are relatively stable, their behavior can
vary across situations.
 There is a continual two-way interaction between an individual (including temperament, learned
habits, perceptions, and beliefs) and aspects of the situation (such as opportunities for reward or
punishment, chance events, etc.).
 This interaction is called reciprocal determinism.
 In sum, core personality traits may stem from genetic dispositions, but they are profoundly
shaped by learning, peers, situations, experience, and the culture.
4.
Contrast the characteristics of individualist and collectivist cultures in regard to:

definitions of self

goals

values

individual attitudes

group norms

cost/benefit ratio in maintaining relationships.
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 58–59
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 Individualist cultures define the self as autonomous, independent of groups; collectivist cultures
define the self as an interdependent part of groups.
 Individualist cultures give priority to individual, personal goals; collectivist cultures give
priority to the needs and goals of the group.
 Individualist cultures value independence, leadership, achievement, and self-fulfillment;
collectivist cultures value group harmony, duty, obligation, and security.
 Individualist cultures give more weight to an individual’s attitudes and preferences than to
group norms as explanations of behavior; collectivist cultures give more weight to group norms
than to individual attitudes.
 Individualist cultures attend to the benefits and costs of relationships; collectivist cultures
attend to the needs of group members.
What is meant by a “culture of honor”? What role does a culture’s historical means of livelihood (herding
vs. agriculture) play in this phenomenon?
Section: Cultural Influences on Personality
Page(s): 60–61
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 A culture of honor is a culture in which even apparently small disputes and trivial insults put a
man’s reputation for toughness on the line, requiring him to respond with violence to restore his
status.
 In cultures that are agricultural, cooperative strategies are more important for survival.
 In cultures based on herding, individuals work individually and their survival is threatened if
5.

someone steals a member of the herd.
Cultures of honor are more likely to develop in herding communities.
In the 1960s, a group of psychologists argued that it was time for a “third force” in psychology. What
were the first two forces that were perceived as inadequate? What alternate perspective would be taken by
the “third force” in describing human personality?
Section: The Inner Experience
Page(s): 63
Type: Conceptual
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
 The first two forces are psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
 The humanist perspective, the third force, takes a positive, growth-oriented perspective.
 It treats humans as having the unique capacity to determine their own actions and futures (free
will).
6.