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Evaluation of novel wood-rotting polypores and corticioid fungi for the decay and biopulping of Norway spruce (Picea abies) wood Hakala et al 2004 EnzMicrobTechnol 34,255-63 Kerry Sproule, presenter Wood is a high calorie carbon source, composed of cell walls interpenetrating matrix of cellulose and hemicelluloses lignin generic name for complex aromatic polymers cellulose homopolymer of glucose hemicellulose heteropolymer of a mixture of sugars product of free-radical polymerization major component of vascular tissues together with hemicellulose, it fills the spaces between cellulose fibrils, coating the lignin physically protects the polysaccharides from attack by cellulases and hemicellulases White vs brown rot White vs Brown Rotters Cellulose sparing Oxidases Intolerant of low pH Tolerant of high pH Lignin sparing No Oxidases Tolerant of low pH Intolerant of high pH Decomposition, recycling, spoilage Lignin degradation angiosperm Peroxidases Lignases Laccases Chemical attack on polymer (peroxidases) followed by specific attack (lignases, laccases) gymnosperm Laccase http://lioroux.free.fr/ Multicopper oxidases "Our number one water quality problem in the National Forests is roads.“ United States Under Secretary of Agriculture Jim Lyons, 2000 For every km of paved road in Washington State, > 7 km of unpaved roads Estimated cost of decommissioning: $6k - $180k per km This and subsequent Myco-remediation images from Fungi Perfecti www.fungi.com Adding grass seed to logging roads doesn’t work efficiently Value of mycoremediation Sediment containment Moisture enhancement reduction of diesel, oil, herbicides, pesticides, & other pollutants Reduction/elimination of damaging downstream microorganisms re-establishing native mycoflora (mycorrhizae & saprophytic, soil building) Reduction/elimination of Hydrocarbon contamination restoration of aquifer function (allowing subsurface sheet flows of water) re-moistening of arid landscapes Habitat recovery & Enhancement reduction of siltation/erosion into streams spawning grounds & fisheries mycofiltration of coliform bacterial, E. coli, Pfisteria, & protozoa Temperature reduction cooling of water flowing into streams fisheries & marine systems Mycoremediation Minimal disturbance Subsurface penetration by mycelium accessible educational showcase for habitat restoration Bad bugs/Good bugs* roads transformed into nature trails multi-use access Educational showcase Subsurface growth of mycelium mineral transport, aeration, without siltation flow Aesthetic enhancement low impact on existing & adjacent ecosystems breeding ground for grubs fish food chain mycopesticidal barriers for wood boring beetles & disease insects breeding grounds for beneficial bugs Investment Protection road subsurface can be re-used in future Mycoremediation of logging roads – Fungi Perfecti ‘Hog-fuel' (bark and wood chips) onto logging roads inoculate debris with mycelia of a mosaic of keystone native fungal species Fungus+wood chips prevent silt-flow through the natural filtration properties of mycelial networks renew topsoils, spurring the growth of native flora 8-30 cm straw + woodchips + Pleurotus ostreatus inoculum Pleurotus ostreatus is a native saprophytic species, easy to amplify in culture 4 weeks later… Pleurotus ostreatus 3 years later - abundant mycelium from mixed species - new soil formation After “mycoremediation” 4 years, 2-5cm soil 5+ years Using fungi for nutritional improvement plant proteins are often relatively low in essential amino acids like lysine which are relatively enriched in fungi fungal enrichment improves flavour, texture, nutritional value uses naturally occurring fungi, or those inoculated deliberately Modified forage 2.1 x 1012 kg per year – cereal straw, sugarcane and sugar beet residue – contains nutrients, primarily as cellulose and lignins low digestibility (40-60%) even for herbivores generally subsistence nutrition, but leads to low growth rates, and need for feed supplements Tempeh – traditional Used for food and feed Modifying agricultural waste materials that do not have economic value by direct use, or for conversion by animals into valuable products Undigestible carbohydrates are wrapped in large leaves (banana) and left 1-2 d for solid fermentation Tempeh – solid fermentation Tempeh soybeans are boiled and dehulled Rhizopus oligosporus grows < 24 h, creating a solid cake of hyphae/beans Traditionally, tempeh is stored wrapped in banana leaves, and eaten soon growth is halted (cooking, freezing) before sporulation begins Tempeh – commercial Soybeans are made more digestible by lipases and proteases secreted by Rhizopus,as well as fungal components Fungi provide “complete” protein