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AP U.S. History
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DIRECTIONS:
READINGS :
Revolutionary America and "The Critical Period"
1763—1812
Unit Guide
This is your study resource to use as we progress through our unit. It lists concepts, terms,
and an outline of items that may appear on the unit exam or the AP Exam. Use this guide
as you wish; it will not be collected. However, all material on this guide (and from class) is
subject to being tested.
Kennedy, et. al.,
Taking Sides:
Chapters 7, excerpts of 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Issue 6
Historical DocumentsCommon Sense, The Declaration of Independence,
The Constitution, The Federalist-#51, The Anti-Federalist-#5, others as assigned.
UNIT DATES:
September
ANTICIPATED TEST DATE:
September
Chapter Seven: The Road to Revolution, 1763--1775
TERMS:
Mercantilism
Quebec Act
Navigation Acts
Declaratory Act
"No taxation without
representation."
First Continental Congress
Sugar Act
Townshend Acts
Nonimportation Agreement
Quartering Act
Boston Massacre "The Association"
"Royal Veto"
Stamp Act
Admiralty Courts
Boston Tea Party
Internal and External Taxation
Loyalists
Stamp Act
Congress
Intolerable Acts
"Virtual Representation"
Committees of
Correspondence
John Hancock
Samuel Adams
Boycott
John Adams
Crispus Attucks
Marquis de
Lafayette
Sons of Liberty
OBJECTIVES
1. Explain the long-term historical factors that moved America toward independence from Britain .
2. Describe the theory and practice of mercantilism and explain why Americans resented it.
3. Explain why Britain attempted tighter control and taxation of Americans after 1763 and why
Americans resisted these efforts.
4. Describe the major British efforts to impose taxes and tighten control of the colonies.
5. Describe the methods of colonial resistance that forced repeal of all taxes except the tax on tea.
6. Explain how sustained agitation and resistance to the tea tax led to the Intolerable Acts and the
outbreak of war.
7. Assess the balance of forces between the British and the American rebels as the two sides
prepared for war.
STUDY QUESTIONS:
1. Why did the American colonies move from loyalty to protest to rebellion in the twelve years
following the French and Indian War?
2. How and why did the Americans and the British differ in their views of taxation and of the
relationship of colonies to the empire?
3. What was the theory and practice of mercantilism? What were its actual effects on the colonies,
and why did the colonists resent it so much?
4. What methods did the colonists use in their struggle with British authorities, and how did the
British try to counteract them?
5. What advantages and disadvantages did the American rebels and the British each possess as the
war began? What did each side do to mobilize its resources most effectively?
6. Given the histories of the colonies’ founding and British “benign neglect” (or salutary neglect) until
the period just before the Revolution, was the American Revolution inevitable? Or, could the
thirteen colonies have remained peacefully attached to Britain for many years, as Canada did?
Chapter 8: America Secedes from the Empire. 1775-1783
TERMS
George Washington
Benedict Arnold
Charles Cornwallis
Thomas Paine
Thomas Jefferson
Marquis de Lafayette
Patrick Henry
John Jay
Natural Rights
Second Continental Congress Common Sense
Declaration of Independence Patriots/Whigs
Loyalists/Tories
Treaty of Paris (1783) Boston Tea Party
OBJECTIVES:
1. Described how America passed from military hostilities with Britain to declaring its independence.
2. Explain the principal ideas of “republicanism” developed by Thomas Paine and other American
leaders.
3. Explain the specific reasons and general principles used in the Declaration of Independence to
justify America ’s separation.
4. Explain why some Americans remained loyal to Britain and what happened to them during and after
the Revolution.
5. Describe the terms of the Treaty of Paris and explain how America was able to achieve such a
stunning diplomatic victory.
STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Why was the Battle of Saratoga such a key to American success in the Revolutionary War?
2. What were the causes and consequences of the American Declaration of Independence in 1776?
3. Why did Americans choose not only to break from Britain , but also to adopt a republican form of
government in 1776? What republican ideas did they share, and about what did they disagree?
4. Who were the Loyalists, what role did they play during the Revolution, and what happened to them
afterward?
5. What role did France play in winning America ’s independence?
Chapter 9: The Confederation and the Constitution
Land Ordinance (1785)
Northwest Ordinance
(1787)
Shays' Rebellion
James Madison
Great Compromise
Checks and Balances
Slavery and the
Constitution
Three-Fifths
Compromise
Antifederalists
The Federalist Papers
The Federalist, Number 10 Abigail Adams
Daniel Shays
Alexander Hamilton
"Mobocracy"
Federation
"Consent of the
Governed"
Confederation
Republicanism
States' Rights
The Constitution
Articles of Confederation
Electoral College
"Large State" Plan
"Bundle of
Compromises"
Annapolis Convention
(1786)
New Jersey Plan
Virginia Plan
New State Constitutions
Checks and Balances
Anarchy
Sovereignty
States' Rights
OBJECTIVES
1. Explain how and why the United States replaced the Articles of Confederation with the Constitution.
2. Describe the basic intentions of the Founding Fathers and how they incorporated their principles
into the Constitution.
3. Describe the process of the ratification of the Constitution.
4. Explain the effects of the American Revolution on American society and politics at the state and
national levels.
5. Describe the government of the Articles of Confederation and indicate its achievements and
failures.
6. Explain the crucial role of Shays’ Rebellion in sparking the movement for a new Constitution.
7. Describe the federalists and the antifederalists and their social, economic, and political
differences.
STUDY QUESTIONS:
1. How did the revolutionary American ideas of natural human rights, equality, and freedom from
governmental tyranny affect developments in the immediate post-Revolutionary period (1783—
1789)?
2. How were women and African-Americans affected by the ideas of the American Revolution? Why
was slavery abolished in the North but not in the entire nation?
3. Which problems of the post-Revolutionary period and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
lead to the adoption of a new Constitution?
4. What were the basic features of the new Constitution, and how did they differ from the government
under the Articles of Confederation?
5. What was the process by which the Constitution was ratified?
6. Who were the federalists and the anti-federalists, what were the issues that divided them, and why
did the federalists win?
7. What was Shays’ Rebellion, and why is it seen as a crucial role in sparking the movement for a new
Constitution?
8. Should the Constitution be seen as a conservative reaction to the Revolution, an enshrinement of
revolutionary principles, or both? What was most truly original about the Constitution?
9. In Chapters 4 and 5, the basic structure of early American society and economy was described.
How did that structure affect the political developments during the period from the Revolution to
the Constitution? How did the Revolution and the Constitution affect issues of social structure,
economic equality, and the distribution of power?
Map Questions from Chapter 9:
**BE SURE TO READ "VARYING VIEWPOINTS" on Page 188
AP exams often include maps and charts and ask for your interpretation of them. Using your maps and
charts in Chapter 9, answer the following questions:
1. Which two of the thirteen states had the largest western land claims?
2. Which states had claims in the area that became the Old Northwest Territory ?
3. Which nation exercised the greatest foreign influence in the American Southwest from 1783 to
1787?
4. Of the measures that strengthened the central government under the Constitution as compared
with the Articles of Confederation, who many dealt with economic matters?
5. In which four states was there little or no opposition to the Constitution?
6. In which four states was support for the Constitution strong—2:1 or 3:1—but not overwhelming?
7. In which five states was the Constitution ratified by very slender margins?
8. Of the top five states in the population, how many had extremely narrow votes in favor of the
Constitution (less than twenty votes difference)?
9. About how many years after the Constitution was officially guaranteed approval (with nine states
ratifying) did the last state ratify?
10. Frontiersmen were generally antifederalist, but in which two large states was there greater
federalist support or a more even division on the issue?
Use the map on page 183 to consider the following question:
How did the factors of being near to a commercial seacoast and the size of a state influence
profederalist or antifederalist views? Which states were exceptions to the general pattern?
Ratification of the Constitution:
This is a major topic addressed in Chapter 9. Thus, the following questions relating to the chart on page
182 are provided to help you make more sense of this:
1. Look carefully at the vote in the five most populous states. What conclusions can you draw about
the relation between population and the support for ratification?
2. Look at the vote in the five least populous states. In what ways would the figures support your
conclusion about the relation between population and support for ratification in #1? How would
the results in New Hampshire and Rhode Island partially qualify that conclusion?
3. Look at the relation between region and date of ratification. Which region— New England , the
Middle Atlantic States , or the South—had only one state ratify after January 1788? Which region
only had one state ratify before April 1788? In which region was opinion more evenly divided?
4. The text indicates that four states— Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , Virginia , and New York —were
the keys to ratification. How many total delegates would have had to switch sides in order for all of
those states to have opposed ratification? (Remember that each change subtracts from one side
and adds to the other.)
CHAPTER 10: Launching the New Ship of State, 1789-1800
Identify or define and discuss the importance of the following concepts or individuals:
John Adam
John Jay
Talleyrand
Thomas Jefferson
Citizen Genet
Alexander Hamilton
"funding at par"
Implied Powers
Excise Taz
Strict Contstution
Tariff
Compact Theory
Assumption
Agrarian
Nullification
Cabinet
Federalists
Jeffersonian
Republicans
Bank of the United States
Tenth
Amendment
Bill of Rights
Pinckney Treaty
Judiciary Act (1789)
French
Revolution
Alien and Sedition Acts
Treaty of Greenville
Jay's Treaty
X,Y,Z Affair
Neutrality Proclamation
Convention of 1800
Washington's Farewell
Address
Whiskey
Rebellion
Virginia and Kentucky
Resolution
Ninth Amendment
CHAPTER 10 OBJECTIVES:
1. Describe how the new federal government was put into place and began functioning.
2. Describe the various means Alexander Hamilton used to put the federal government on a sound
financial footing.
3. Explain how the conflict over Hamilton’s policies led to the emergence of the first political parties.
4. Describe the polarizing effects of the French Revolution on American foreign policy and politics
from 1790 to 1800.
5. Explain why Washington negotiated the conciliatory Jay’s Treaty with the British and why it provoked
Jeffersonian outrage.
6. Describe the causes of the “undeclared war” with France and explain Adams’ decision to move
toward peace rather than declare war.
7. Describe the poisonous political atmosphere that produced the Alien and Sedition Acts and the
Kentucky and Virginia resolutions.
8. Describe the contrasting membership and principles of the Hamiltonian Federalists and the
Jeffersonian Republicans.
CHAPTER 10 STUDY QUESTIONS:
1. What were the most important issues facing the new federal government, and how did the
Washington Administration address them?
2. What were Hamilton’s basic economic and political goals, and how did he attempt to achieve
them?
3. What were the philosophical and political disagreements between Hamilton and Jefferson that led
to the creation of the first American political parties?
4. What were the basic goals of Washington’s and Adams’ foreign policies, and how successful were
they in achieving them?
5. How did divisions over foreign policy create the poisonous political atmosphere that produced both
the Alien and Sedition Acts and the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions?
6. Although Federalists and Republicans engaged in extremely bitter political struggles during this
period, they both retained their basic commitment to republican government, and at the end of the
decade, the Federalists peacefully handed over power to the Republicans. What characteristics of
American politics and society enabled them to keep their conflict within bounds?
CHAPTER 11: The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic, 1800-1812
Identify or define and discuss the importance of the following concepts or individuals:
Thomas Jefferson
Napoleon Bonaparte James Monroe
Aaron Burr
James Madison
Lewis and Clarke
Tecumseh
Henry Clay
Zebulon Pike
John Quincy Adams
John Marshall
"patronage"
Impressment
Macon's Bill No. 2
Judicial Review
Economic Coercion
War Hawks
Judiciary Act (1789)
"Midnight Judges" Louisiana Purchase (and Treaty)
Chesapeake incident Judiciary Act (1801)
Embargo Act
Marbury v. Madison Non-Intercourse Act
"Revolution of 1800" Mosquito Fleet
CHAPTER 11 OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain how Jefferson ’s moderation and compromises turned the “Revolution of 1800” into a
relatively smooth transition of party control from Federalists and Republicans.
2. Describe the conflicts between Federalists and Republicans over the judiciary and the important
legal precedents that developed from these conflicts.
3. Describe Jefferson ’s basic foreign policy goals and how he attempted to achieve them.
4. Describe how America became entangled against its will in the turbulent international crisis of the
Napoleonic Wars.
5. Describe the original intentions and actual results of Jefferson ’s embargo and explain why it failed.
6. Explain the complex causes of the War of 1812.
CHAPTER 11 STUDY QUESTIONS:
1. How did Jefferson end up modifying some of his Republican beliefs in strict constructionism,
limited federal government, and militarism in the face of events during his presidency?
2. How did the conflict between Federalists and Republicans over the judiciary lead to a balance of
power among political interests and different branches of government?
3. What were the political and economic consequences of the Louisiana Purchase ? Why is the
purchase considered “ Jefferson ’s most glorious achievement as president?”
4. Why did Jefferson impose the embargo, and why did it fail?
5. What were the real causes of the War of 1812? Was the declaration of war a “mistake,” or the
result of deliberate policies by new American political forces?
6. What was the significance of the Jeffersonian “Revolution of 1800” in relation to the new
republican experiment and the fierce political battles of the 1790s?
CHAPTER 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824
Identify or define and discuss the importance of the following concepts or individuals:
Andrew Jackson
John Marshall
Washington Irving
John C. Calhoun
William Henry Harrison James Monroe
John Quincy Adams
Francis Scott Key
James Fenimore
Cooper
Nationalism
Sectionalism
"Pecuiliar Institution" Internal Improvements
Isolationism
Protective Tariff
Nonintervention
"Ohio Fever"
Second Bank of the United
States
Monroe Doctrine
"Era of Good
Feelings"
Tallmadge Amendment
Tariff of 1816
Cohens v. Virginia
Panic of 1819
Russo-American Treaty
(1824)
"American System"
Missouri
Compromise
Bonus Bill (1817)
Treaty of Ghent (1815)
Fletcher v. Peck
Hartford Convention
Daniel Webster
Virginia Dynasty
CHAPTER 12 OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the failed American attempts to conquer Canada and their consequences.
2. Describe the major issues and terms of the Treaty of Ghent and explain the long-term results of the
War of 1812 for the United States at home and abroad.
3. Describe the burst of American nationalism that followed the War of 1812.
4. Describe the major economic developments of the period, particularly the tariff, finances, and the
panic of 1819.
5. Indicate how John Marshall’s Supreme Court promoted the spirit of nationalism through its rulings
in favor of federal power.
6. Describe the Monroe Doctrine and explain its real and symbolic significance for American foreign
policy.
CHAPTER 12 QUESTIONS:
1. What were the broad consequences of the War of 1812?
2. What were the most important signs of the new American nationalism that developed in the period
1815—1824?
3. How id the forces of nationalism compete with the sectional interests in the economic and judicial
struggles of the period?
4. What role did the West play in such crucial issues of the period as the tariff, internal improvements,
and the expansion of slavery?
5. Discuss the role of Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster in the events and issues of the
period 1815—1824. Is it valid to see Clay as a spokesman for the West, Webster for the North, and
Calhoun for the South?
6. Why had the Jeffersonian Republicans, by 1815—1824, adopted many of the principles of “loose
construction” once held by Hamiltonian Federalists? What kinds of strong federal power did the
Republicans use, and what kinds were they still reluctant to employ?
SUPREME COURT CASES:
PRESIDENTS (Know terms and major events that relate to their presidency):
Chisholm v. Georgia (1793)
GeorgeWashington
Ware v. Hylton (1796)
John Adams
Marbury v. Madison (1803) (in Chapter 11)
Thomas Jefferson
Fletcher v. Peck (1810) (in Chapter 12) JamesMadison
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (in Chapter 12)
James Monroe
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) (in Chapter 12)
Cohens v. Virginia (1821) (in Chapter 12)
Gibbons v. Odgen (1824) (in Chapter 12)