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Click www.ondix.com to visit our student-to-student file sharing network. The Declaration of Independence- document in American history used by the 13 British North American colonies to proclaim their independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence was adopted in final form on July 4, 1776. The Northwest Ordinance- 1787 The ordinance provided for the formation of not less than three, nor more than five, states. It defined the boundaries of these states, forbade slavery in the territory The Constitutional Convention- meeting during the summer of 1787 at which delegates from 12 states wrote the Constitution of the United States. At the convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the delegates abandoned the Articles of Confederation, the first constitution of the United States, and created a stronger form of government The Constitution- system of fundamental laws of the United States of America. The Constitution was drawn up by 55 delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia during the summer of 1787 and ratified by the states in 1788. The Constitution defines distinct powers for the Congress of the United States, the president, and the federal courts. The 10th Amendment- The Tenth Amendment restates a fundamental constitutional rule: If a particular power was not assigned to the federal government by the Constitution itself, then the states may exercise the power, unless the Constitution also prohibits the states from exercising it. The Tenth Amendment also states that people are free to act, without permission of the federal government, in areas outside the scope of the federal government's powers. Alien " Sedition Acts - The Sedition Act made it a criminal offense to print or publish false, malicious, or scandalous statements directed against the U.S. government, the president, or Congress - The Alien Act, empowering the president to arrest and deport any alien considered dangerous. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions- drawn up by James Madison -resolutions adopted in 1798 by the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia to protest the enactment by the federal government of the Alien and Sedition Acts. XYZ Affair - U.S. diplomatic incident involving a commission sent to France in 1797 to negotiate outstanding differences between the two countries. These differences arose largely out of the refusal by the United States to come to the aid of France, then at war with Great Britain. Marbury vs. Madison- landmark court case of 1803 in which the Supreme Court of the United States established its authority to review and invalidate government actions that conflict with the Constitution of the United States. In Marbury, Chief Justice John Marshall, speaking for a unanimous Court, expressed for the first time the concept of judicial review at the federal level. The Missouri Compromise- legislative measures enacted by the United States Congress in 1820 that regulated the extension of slavery- it prohibited the entry of slaves into Missouri and provided for the gradual emancipation of those already there. Nat Turner's Rebellion- August 22, 1831, he and seven other slaves killed their master and his family and, joined by about 60 blacks from neighboring plantations, started a general revolt The Liberator- Garrison launched The Liberator in Boston in 1831; the newspaper became one of the most influential journals in the United States. The Nullification Crisis- 1832, South Carolina called a state convention that declared "null, void, and no law" the high protective tariff of that year. President Andrew Jackson threatened to send troops to enforce the tariff in the port of Charleston. The Annexation of Texas- a rebellion in late 1835 and early 1836 by residents of Texas, then a part of northern Mexico, against the Mexican government and military. The rebellion led to the establishment of the independent Republic of Texas. The short-lived republic was annexed by the United States as a state in 1845. These events were among the causes of the Mexican War (1846-1848) between the United States and Mexico, after which Mexico relinquished all claims to Texas and much of the present-day southwestern United States. Manifest Destiny- jingoistic tenet holding that territorial expansion of the United States is not only inevitable but divinely ordained. The Mexican American War- a conflict between the United States and Mexico, lasting from 1846 to 1848. The war resulted in a decisive U.S. victory and forced Mexico to relinquish all claims to approximately half its national territory. California Gold Rush- the massive movement of people to California following the discovery of gold there in 1848. Uncle Tom's Cabin- In 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe, the daughter of a Connecticut clergyman, published Uncle Tom's Cabin, a forceful indictment of slavery. The book quickly became one of the most popular works of the time, and it was important in spreading antislavery sentiment in the North. The Gadsen Purchase- land purchased by the United States from Mexico in 1853. - U.S. proponents of a southern transcontinental railroad considered the best route to the Pacific to be in the disputed area, through the Mesilla Valley The Kansas Nebraska Act- (1854), U.S. law authorizing the creation of Kansas and Nebraska, west of the states of Missouri and Iowa and divided by the 40th parallel. It repealed a provision of the Missouri Compromise (1820) that had prohibited slavery in the territories north of 36° 30', and stipulated that the inhabitants of the territories should decide for themselves the legality of slaveholding. Bleeding Kansas - The Kansas-Nebraska Act resulted in a struggle between U.S. citizens from Southern states who were eager to extend slavery into the new territory and those from Northern states who were determined to stop the spread of slavery (called freesoilers). Sumner-Brooks Incident- (1856) Charles Sumner, an antislavery senator from Massachusetts, gave an impassioned antislavery speech in which he insulted a number of Southern senators. - Congressman Preston Brooks of South Carolina was Butler's nephew. He was determined to punish Sumner's attack upon his family's honor. He walked onto the floor of the Senate, found Sumner at his desk, and beat him unconscious with a cane. Dred Scott vs. Sanford- 1850s in which the Supreme Court of the United States declared that African Americans were not U.S. citizens. The Court also determined that the portion of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 that banned slavery in U.S. territories north and west of the state of Missouri was unconstitutional. Lincoln-Douglas Debates- series of seven formal meetings during the Illinois senatorial campaign of 1858, in which Republican Abraham Lincoln argued the issue of slavery with the Democratic incumbent, Stephen A. Douglas. Raid of Harper's Ferry- In 1859 the arsenal and armory were seized in a famous raid by the abolitionist John Brown. 1860 Presidential Election- In December, with the Republican victory final, South Carolina seceded. By February, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had followed. Firing of Fort Sumter- On April 12, 1861, Confederate artillery shelled Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. Republican Party - one of the two major United States political parties, founded by a coalition in 1854. The coalition was composed of former members of the Whig, FreeSoil, and Know-Nothing parties, along with Northern Democrats who were dissatisfied with their party's conciliatory attitude on the slavery issue (see Free-Soil Party; KnowNothings; Whig Party). The early Republicans were united in their opposition to extending slavery into the Western territories. Keywords: declaration independence document american history used british north american colonies proclaim their independence from great britain declaration independence adopted final form july northwest ordinance ordinance provided formation less than three more than five states defined boundaries these states forbade slavery territory constitutional convention meeting during summer which delegates from states wrote constitution united convention philadelphia pennsylvania delegates abandoned articles confederation first constitution united created stronger form government constitution system fundamental laws united america drawn delegates constitutional convention philadelphia during summer ratified defines distinct powers congress president federal courts amendment tenth amendment restates fundamental constitutional rule particular power assigned federal government itself then exercise power unless also prohibits from exercising tenth amendment also that people free without permission federal government areas outside scope powers alien sedition acts sedition made criminal offense print publish false malicious scandalous statements directed against president congress alien empowering president arrest deport alien considered dangerous virginia kentucky resolutions drawn james madison resolutions adopted legislatures kentucky virginia protest enactment sedition acts affair diplomatic incident involving commission sent france negotiate outstanding differences between countries these differences arose largely refusal come france then with great britain marbury madison landmark court case which supreme court established authority review invalidate actions that conflict with marbury chief justice john marshall speaking unanimous court expressed first time concept judicial review level missouri compromise legislative measures enacted congress that regulated extension slavery prohibited entry slaves into missouri provided gradual emancipation those already there turner rebellion august seven other slaves killed their master family joined about blacks neighboring plantations started general revolt liberator garrison launched liberator boston newspaper became most influential journals nullification crisis south carolina called state declared null void high protective tariff year andrew jackson threatened send troops enforce tariff port charleston annexation texas rebellion late early residents texas then part northern mexico against mexican military rebellion establishment independent republic texas short lived republic annexed state these events were among causes mexican between mexico after which mexico relinquished claims much present southwestern manifest destiny jingoistic tenet holding territorial expansion only inevitable divinely ordained mexican american conflict between lasting resulted decisive victory forced relinquish claims approximately half national territory california gold rush massive movement people california following discovery gold there uncle cabin harriet beecher stowe daughter connecticut clergyman published uncle cabin forceful indictment slavery book quickly became most popular works time important spreading antislavery sentiment north gadsen purchase land purchased proponents southern transcontinental railroad considered best route pacific disputed area through mesilla valley kansas nebraska authorizing creation kansas nebraska west missouri iowa divided parallel repealed provision compromise prohibited territories north stipulated inhabitants territories should decide themselves legality slaveholding bleeding kansas nebraska resulted struggle citizens southern were eager extend into territory those northern were determined stop spread called free soilers sumner brooks incident charles sumner antislavery senator massachusetts gave impassioned antislavery speech insulted number southern senators congressman preston brooks south carolina butler nephew determined punish sumner attack upon family honor walked onto floor senate found desk beat unconscious with cane dred scott sanford supreme declared african americans citizens also determined portion compromise banned territories west state unconstitutional lincoln douglas debates series seven formal meetings during illinois senatorial campaign republican abraham lincoln argued issue democratic incumbent stephen douglas raid harper ferry arsenal armory seized famous raid abolitionist john brown presidential election december republican victory final south carolina seceded february mississippi florida alabama georgia louisiana followed firing fort sumter april confederate artillery shelled fort sumter charleston harbor republican party major political parties founded coalition coalition composed former members whig free soil know nothing parties along northern democrats dissatisfied their party conciliatory attitude issue soil party know nothings whig early republicans opposition extending into western Keywords General: Essay, 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