Download Biology Honors Semester 1 Exam Review

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Biology Semester 1 Exam Review Guide
Chapter 1 – Biology in the 21st Century
1. Distinguish between the following key terms:
Biology
Hypothesis
Variable
Controlled
experiment
Theory
Model
Technology
2. Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data.
Define
Examples
Qualitative
Quantitative
3. Describe the study in mimicry, using king snakes and coral snakes. Identify the control in the experiment.
4. Apply hypothesis based science to a failed flashlight to fill in the blanks. Draw in arrows showing the sequence of steps used
in hypothesis- based science. Include those that show what occurs if the test DOES and DOES NOT support the hypothesis.
Observation:
Question:
Hypothesis:
Prediction:
Test:
5. How is communication an important part of science? Describe the benefits scientists gain by sharing information with one
another?
Chapter 2 – Chemistry of Life
6. Distinguish between the following key terms:
Element
Compound
Atom
Polar Molecule
pH scale
Acid
Base
7. List the four most abundant elements in your body, in order of decreasing percent of body mass.
8. Describe the three types of subatomic particles. Draw how they are arranged in an atom.
9. What information does a chemical equation provide about a chemical reaction? Explain what happens to the atoms.
10. Explain how hydrogen bonding affects the following properties of water
a. Cohesion –
b.
Adhesion –
c.
Temperature moderation -
d.
Ability to dissolve many substances –
e.
Lower density of ice compared to liquid water -
Chapter 13- 16 – Principles of Ecology
11. Distinguish between the following key terms:
Ecology
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Habitat
12. Draw a diagram (i.e. flow chart) showing the relationship among the five levels of ecological study.
13. Distinguish between the following and give examples:
Define
Examples
Abiotic factor
Biotic factor
14. Explain how the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface creates different temperature zones. Draw a diagram showing the
differing angles of incoming sunlight as it strikes the Earth’s surface.
15. What is a biome?
16. Describe the characteristic features (i.e. climate conditions, typical organisms, etc.) of the 8 following biomes.
Tropical rain forest
Temperate
grassland
Temperate
deciduous forest
Coniferous forest
Savannah
Desert
Chaparral
Tundra
17. What is permafrost? Where is it found?
18. What is an estuary?
Chapter 14 – Population and Community Ecology
19. Contrast population size with population density.
20. Use population size of students in your class and the square footage of your biology classroom to determine the population
density of your biology class (show work and units). # of students = 20 , classroom size is 10ft X 20ft
21. Define the following key terms:
Limiting factor
Carrying capacity
22. Contrast density-dependent limiting factors with density-independent limiting factors. Include examples of each.
23. List examples of limiting factors that could affect population growth for plant and animal communities
a. Plantb. Animal –
24. Distinguish between the following five types of community interactions (include specific examples for each):
Define
Examples
Interspecific competition
Predation
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism
25. What is a symbiotic relationship? List the three types of symbiosis.
26. Describe what factors are included in an organism niche.
27. Describe camouflage in animals. How is it an effective adaptation for both predators and prey?
28. What is ecological succession? Compare and contrast the two types of succession; include examples of each.
Characteristics
Primary
succession
Secondary
succession
Examples
29. The following two human activities that have had a negative effect on species diversity in communities worldwide. Describe
them and give specific examples of each.
Clearing Land
Introduced Species
Chapter 13 – Principles of Ecology
30. How are the movement of energy and the movement of chemicals in ecosystems different?
31. What is a trophic level?
32. Draw a four step energy pyramid. Identify each trophic level in the pyramid. Correctly label the trophic levels with the
following organisms and amounts of energy: snake, flower, field mouse, grasshopper, 1,000kcal, 10kcal, 100kcal, and 10,000kcal,
33. Explain why food chains are generally limited to three or four levels. In general, what is the average amount (%) of
available energy at a trophic level that is converted to biomass in the next higher trophic level? What happens to the
remaining energy?
34. Draw a detailed diagram of the Carbon Cycle (Chapter 13.5)
35. Explain how photosynthesis and respiration are involved in cycling carbon and oxygen.
36. Besides respiration, what other ways can carbon be released into the atmosphere?
36. Give an example showing how pollution relates to biological magnification.
37. Describe how increased quantities of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may contribute to global warming.
38. What is the relationship between chloroflurocarbons (CFC’s) and ozone?
39. What is biodiversity? What are the four main threats to biodiversity?
Chapter 2- The Chemistry of Life
40. Explain the connection between monomers and polymers.
41. What molecule is released during construction of a polymer? What is this reaction called?
42. When cells break bonds between monomers by adding water to them, this process is called _______________________.
______________________ is used to break down the polymer.
43. What is a carbohydrate? What is the function of sugar molecules, particularly glucose?
44. Explain the difference between monosaccharide and a disaccharide. Give an example of each.
Characteristics
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Example (draw simplified representation )
45. Fill in the blanks
Carbohydrates
include
Sugars
include
_____________
include
Such as-
Such as-
_____________
Stores sugar in
______________
Gives structural
support to
Plant cells
46. Compare and contrast starch, glycogen, and cellulose.
47. What property do lipids share? What are two classifications of lipids?
48. What are the parts of a fat molecule? Include a drawing of glycerol and the fatty acid chains.
49. List examples of saturated and unsaturated fats
a. Saturated –
b. Unsaturated 50. Distinguish between the following key terms:
Protein
Amino Acid
Denaturation
Activation energy
Glycogen
Stores sugar in
Catalyst
Enzyme
Substrate
Active site
51. The 20 amino acids vary only in their _________________________________.
52. How does denaturation affect the ability of a protein to function?
53. How does an enzyme affect activation energy?
54. List two factors that can greatly affect how an enzyme works or if it can work at all.
Chapter 6 – A Tour of the Cell
55. What are the three principles of the cell theory?
1.
2.
3.
56. How is a eukaryotic cell different from a prokaryotic cell?
57. Identify which of the following is a plant and animal cell. Locate the plasma membranes, Golgi apparatus, rough and smooth
ERs, and nucleus in both diagrams below
58. Compare and Contrast animal and plant cell structures in a Venn diagram.
59. How do the various kinds of microscopes differ as tools in the study of cells?
a. Light microscope–
b. Electron microscope (SEM, TEM) –
60. Describe how phospholipid molecules are oriented in the plasma/cell membrane of a cell. Draw a section of the
phospholipid bilayer and label the hydrophobic tails and the hydrophilic heads. What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean?
61. What is the function of a transport protein?
62. Distinguish between the following methods used to move materials across a cellular membrane.
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
63. Distinguish between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions, and give an example of how each affects an animal cell.
a. hypertonicb. hypotonic –
c. isotonic 64. Organelle means “_________________”. Distinguish between the following organelles.
Nucleus
Ribosome
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
65. Compare and contrast chloroplasts and mitochondria. Include where they obtain their energy from, the process used to
release the energy, and the cells where these organelles are found.
66. How do flagella differ in structure and function from cilia?
Chapter 7 – The Working Cell: Energy from Food
67. Define autotroph and heterotroph, and give an example of each.
Define
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Example
68. Explain the role of food (glucose) in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
69. Define kinetic and potential energy. Identify the types of energy you have at the top of a staircase and as you go down the
stairs.
70. What is ATP? Describe how energy is stored in an ATP molecule?
71. Draw a diagram showing ATP being converted to ADP as energy is released. (Fig. 7-9)
72. What is cellular respiration?
73. Fill in the following diagram with the reactants and products of cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Reactants
Products
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
74. Identify the three stages of cellular respiration,
Name of Stage
What occurs in this process
Location of
process
# of ATP
molecules
used
# of ATP
molecules
produced
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
75. How is fermentation different from cellular respiration? What is the difference between an aerobic and anaerobic
environment?
76. What is the waste product of fermentation in your muscle cells? What feeling does this cause?
Chapter 8 – The Working Cell: Energy from Sunlight
77. What is the ultimate source for the energy in most food?
Net gain
of ATP
molecules
78. Draw and label a simple diagram of a chloroplast that includes the following structures: outer and inner membranes, stroma,
thylakoids.
79. Describe the two main stages of photosynthesis.
Name of Stage
Inputs
Outputs
Location
Stage 1
Stage 2
80.
What are the chemical compounds located in chloroplasts. Explain why a leaf containing chloroplasts looks green in color.
Chapter 11 – DNA and the Language of Life
81. Explain why DNA’s structure is called “the double helix.”
82. What are the three parts of a nucleotide? Which parts makeup the backbone of a DNA strand?
83. List the two base pairs found in DNA.
84. If six bases on one strand of a DNA double helix is AGTCGG, what are the six bases on the complementary section of the
other strand of DNA?
85. What is DNA replication? Describe how DNA replicates by using a template. Explain which strands are new/daughter
strands, and which strands are old/parent strands.
86. Distinguish between the following key terms:
Ribonucleic acid
(RNA)
Transcription
Translation
Codon
Mutation
Plasmid
(Chap.13)
87. Which molecule completes the flow of information from DNA to protein?
DNA __________  Protein
88. Describe how a mutation could be helpful rather than harmful.
89. How many codons code for the 20 different amino acids? Why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than
one kind of codon? Give an example using Fig 11-13.
90. How many start and stop codons are there? What are they?
91. List and describe two types of mutations that can occur within a gene.
92. Give an example of a mutagen.
Chapter 13 – Frontiers of Genetics
93. How can a biologist use plasmids to produce bacteria that carry a specific gene?
94. Give an example of a use of recombinant DNA technology in medicine.