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Thurs. 9/6 Overview of computing with specific emphasis on the Macintosh Operating System. a. Understanding the Macintosh interface and important utilities (Norton Utilities, TCP/IP, Virex, Extension Manager, File Sharing, Virtual Memory, Sherlock, Apple Menu, etc.), Backing-up. HW # 1 Due 9/13 (2%) 1. High end Unix –based OS. 2. OS 9 under the hood – Classic 3. OS X – a. preemptive multitasking- in contrast to cooperative multitasking in which applications tell the processor how much attention it should get, preemptive multitasking has the OS make the decision (traffic cop) . Bottom line, an errant application will not cause the entire system to crash by hogging processor attention. b. memory protection-one application can not overwrite another in ram. May happen when one application generates data which is moved to a location in ram occupied by another application. When the other application begins to run part of its instruction set is wiped out, and this can cause a crash. Not normally the case in OS X because of the memory protection scheme c. dynamic ram allocation- instead of allocating fixed amounts of memory to applications (as was the case in System 9), OS X assigns applications what it needs at boot time, and as it continues to work. More efficient use of ram, and also will not normally crash applications that run out of memory as they execute. Allocate additional memory on the fly-if it is available. d. Multithreading-written into system better; allows multiple processes within an application to work simultaneously such as printing and writing another document in word. e. Symmetrical Multiprocessing-OS supports using multiple processors; heretofore was a function of the application instruction set. 4. Fundamentals of OS X a. Set your computer to login the owner (can be configured for multiple users) with each user getting their own settings and a distinct “home” area i. Administrator account allows installation of applications for all users, and can make system level changes in System’s Preferences ii. Regular users can only make changes to their personal areas iii. Most powerful account is the “Root” account. Disabled by default. b. Menu Bar, Context Menus (Control + Click) within application or finder. i. Buttons – close, minimize, maximize c. The Dock – shows application aliases, applications running, Document or folder aliases, minimized documents (like windows task bar) i. Can be placed on left side, right side or bottom ii. Options under Apple “Dock Options” d. Apple Menu about this Mac, sleep, logout, shutdown, restart, preference, recent items 5. The Finder a. Systems control – folders, naming, finding, opening applications, searching folders, manage files b. Mac File System: hierarchically; users folder - View (folders can be set independently to different views), also see icon view settings in Finder; view options change in different viewing modes c. The finder’s tool bar can also be customized by dragging icons to it. d. A folder’s tool bar can be further customized by going to “View Customize” e. Go Menu – f. Working with icons – g. Copy – drag and drop while holding the Option key (see “+” sign) or copy and paste via Edit Menu h. Spring loaded folders drag and hold i. Search for items via search box – within folder search j. Get info (under File or Clover – I k. Eject disk – select icon, File – Eject, or drag to trash l. Burning a disk i. Name disk, drag items to it, (a) drag to trash, trash turns to Burn icon; select disk icon-File – Burn Disk; Click Burn icon in toolbar if it was placed there via customization 6. Finder preferences under finder – select appropriate options Chapter 4 1. Besides normal ways to activate applications can use Favorites in the Go Menu (click on icon then Add to Favorites under File or Recent under Go) 2. Suffixes associated with files indicate which application will be invoked to open it. A second way to do this is to use the Get Info window to change its application association “Open With” 3. Saving Options ; Save As saves a new documents 4. In Word – Preferences – use grab 5. Classic applications can run from within OS X (Cocoa). To starup Classic rather than Cocoa Systems Preferences under Apple, then Startup disk; can also have certain applications startup under Login Items. 6. Chapter 5 Personalize Mac OS X a. Multiple users have their own preferences and work space if multiple users is invoked via System Preferences Accounts and Screen Effects Activation for Password Control b. Home Folder: Finder “Go” i. Desktop – personal configuration ii. Library – general preferences, data files, and other settings required by applications and preferences unique to user for application; temporary applications files,; library folder contains POP and IMAP accounts info; Mail folder for sorted mail (Entourage in Documents /Microsoft User Data/Identities) iii. Public – for sharing files with others on the same machine or via the internet (read and copy allowed); also contained here is the Drop Box –can’t open but can drop items into it for someone else iv. Sites – Store HTML documents and images for personal websharing; if websharing on http://ip/~dss/ (to go to home for user sites) v. Imovie vi. Itunes vii. Iphoto viii. Documents – All documents (easier for backup; only user can read and write to folder ix. Movies - like documents x. Music - like documents xi. Pictures - like documents c. Permissions – Assigning permissions allows access to others; you are the owner of your home folder and subfolders – using the show info command in the Finder, you can set 4 access levels for any or all of your folders (read, write, read and write, no access; done through Ownership and Permissions – may be set for the owner, “wheel” or staff group (administrators), and others (all others) d. Shared Folder – inside main user’s folder is designed to allow all users of Mac to access files that should be public (e.g., mp3s read/write access to folder). 2. Favorites – select item, File Add to Favorites; Finder Go Favorites; edit Favorites Folder by GO – Favorites in Finder to edit aliases 3. Dock – Used for applications and documents, folders (change icons to make them more unique www.iconfactory.com or www.icons.cx , trash; customizable-size, placement (ctrl-mouse button); add and remove items by dragging and dropping; use hiding for more screen room-appears when scroll over screen where it resides 4. Finder tips: a. Use columns View – to move files – use two windows open at once b. Place folders on the toolbar of a finder’s window to get access to folders quickly c. d. System preferences – works like control panels; panes used to control preferences; more used panes can be dragged to toolbar; only administrators can modify certain settings such as users; other settings such as Cds and Dvds, desktop, etc., can be modified by all users e. Desktop- can use own image by drag image to Current Desktop Picture area and drop it in area or open the Collections menu and select the Choose Folder command to locate a folder where a desired picture resides f. Display – selects resolution; also allows Menu Barr access g. Login Items open when booted h. QuickTime pane – options on how movies are played in web browser on Plug-In Tab, connection speed that QuickTime reports to QuickTime servers i. Screen Effects for entertainment and security; can configure screen saver picture from Picture Folder from within Home; activation corners j. Software– searches internet for updates on some schedule 5. Chapter 6 – Getting Help and Searching Files a. Help – straight forward ; search uses Boolean operators “and”, “or”, “not “ but must be put together with symbols “+” = and, “!” = not, | (vertical line = or). E.g. Printer ! USB finds printer but not USB i. Stored in Main Library Folder /Library/Documentation/Help Folder—also may be placed in personal user directory Library/Help but then can be used only by you when logged in b. Find i. generically can use Sherlock ii. Find under File size of file, or amount of storage space 1. search by folder name in any specified place and other criteria such as date created, date modified, extensions 2. search by file content ; to do so files need to be indexed; Get Info check Content Index – option to index now and do regularly for files that might be needed in the future; then search specific folders for info-such as Documents 6. Chapter 7 Printing a. Print Center - in Utilities Folder; under Print – Page Set-up & Print Dialog boxes b. The Quartz engine in Mac OS X actually creates a .pdf file, for uniformity, that is then printed. c. For Postscript printers you need to install the PPD file either by running an installer or by placing the PPD file in /Library/Printers/PPDs on startup disk (or in home Library Printers) d. By turning on Printer Sharing in the Sharing pane of the Mac in which the USB Printer is attached, others on the Network should be able to access it. i. AppleTalk attaches normally via Ethernet – AppleTalk must be turned on via Network pane for each computer that will use the printer ii. IP Printing – must know IP address iii. Print Center 1. add printer – add button-select type of printer a. Directory Services is default – printers appear if network administrator has preconfigured printer – select and add b. Otherwise select type – then those that are of that type will appear c. Set default printer d. Page setup from File in application (note scale option) e. Print command also allows one to select the printer - see options in window f. Preview what you will print g. Once document goes to printer – Print Center can be used to control jobs on queue 7. Chapter 8 PDFs, Fonts, and Color a. PDF i. In Print – Option for creating PDF; allows inter – platform exchange with intact formatting and fonts; make certain suffix .PDF remains in tact when transporting so that other computers know how to handle document. b. Fonts i. Storage locations: 1. /System/Library/Fonts/ --required Mac OS fonts; default fonts 2. /Library/Fonts/ -- fonts that are made available to all users on Mac 3. ~/Library/Fonts/ --personal fonts – active only when logged in ii. Install—drag to appropriate folder; then restart open applications 8. Chapter 9 - Accessory and Security Applications a. Apple System profiler – processor – memory – applications installed - peripheral devices - can save and email for technical support issues b. Disk Copy – creates a disk image – a compressed computer file that, when double clicked, mounts a “virtual volume” that acts just as if it were a removable disk. Can drag and drop files from the compressed archive tp other parts of the hard disk so that one can work with files. i. Useful in replicating a particular type of removable media-which can be used for storing items that will later be copied; e.g., can be used to burn a cd. 1. can create a blank image that has no filesbuilding an image from the ground up 2. can create an image from an existing source – CD 3. can convert an existing image into another type of image – read only image into an image that allows one to add files ii. Good for compressing (Archiving) and encrypting files; a bit tricky to work; need to play with it. Can also save in different file formats (Mac extended, Mac Standard, Unix, Dos) c. Keychain Access i. A keychain is a special database, protected by a single password, used to store a group of other usernames and passwords ii. Adding: 1. from option in application 2. Manually – File-New-New Password ; entering a url in the name entry box will create and internet password item (include http:// 3. https://global1.onlinebank.com/cgiforte/forteisapi.dll/frte_cs0?ServiceName=webt eller&BankTag=476florence&TemplateName= Login.htm iii. Multiple Key chains can be created to protect different information. (Under File-New) 1. Click on Keychains then Edit settings to create access and protection differentially d. Text Edit i. RTF default – also plain text capacity , but can not add images, change fonts (all must be the same), or change alignments e. Accessories and Extras i. Applet Launcher – in Utilities; launches aJava Applets ii. Calculator- conversion options; advanced mode iii. Chess iv. Clock – can be placed dock or on desk top v. Grab – takes picture of Mac desktop – screen shot – saves as image in PDF/TIFF format or cloverleaf-shift3; cloverleaf-shift-4 vi. Keycaps – use modifier keys also see character pallette QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. vii. Stickies – can be saved as files – close command, or quick stickies saves notes in stickie’s. 9. Chapter 10 Being the Administrator: Permissions, Settings and Adding Users a. Shared Folder in User’s Folder – grants read and write permissions to everyone, making it a safe place for users to copy files that all other users should be able to access freely; the original creator remains the owner of that file-can make it difficult for an administrative user to delete the files – without logging in as root, using the sudo command, or asking the file’s owner to delete them b. Each user also has a Public Folder (inside Home) where everyone has read permission. Inside that folder is a Drop Box Folder, where everyone has write permission but not read permission. Can send file to iser via Drop Box, while disallowing users other than “X” fro seeing what has been placed in the folder. c. For attached volumes (e.g., hard disks) the root level can have wide open permissions. Check with Get Info; subsequently can assign permissions to individual folders. Controlled via “Others”. d. Creating Users via Accounts pane; short name is limited to 8 characters; ; passwords are case sensitive; images are stored in /Library/User Pictures / should be 128 X 128 pixels; click on Allow user to Log in from Windows e. In Unix only the first 8 characters are active for passwords f. In accounts pane can control the applications and system’s opetions that a user has access to; and invoke startup screen which does not identify all users, and requires both Name and Password, without the option to Restart and Shut Down-for security 10. Chapter 11 Configuring Internet Access a. Dial Up i. Need ISP with PPP (Point to Point Protocol) - TCP/IP Trans application to initiate modem connectionmission Control Protocol/Internate Protocol ii. Use Internet Connect , Network Pane-TCP/IP; PPP with options, select modem iii. Use Internet Connection Application to make Connection or modem on Menu Bar to make connection iv. To disconnect from PPP – Disconnect in Iternet Connection App or from Menu Bar b. High Speed Connections i. Manual or DHCP c. Security and Firewalls i. Unless you specifically wants a server on the internet chanaging your IP address frequently is a good idea (sign off/sign on) ii. Firewall for Mac OS X 1. Brick House & Firewalk X are shareware firewalls 2. Net Barrier X & Norton’s Personal Firewall are commercial products 3. In Sharing Pane Firewall tab allows blocking of various ports with various services 11. Chapter 12 The Web, Security, and Sherlock 3 a. Use Internet pane in system preferences to identify default browser, where to download files, and default email program, as well as configuringh . mac b. Holding cloverleaf while clicking url opens web page in new window c. Holding control while clicking a page provides a contextual menu d. e. Right clicking brings up a save window f. Creating toolbar favorites and organizing bookmarks in general p.302-303. g. Tracking history of URL:s -quantified under Preferencesadvanced. Maintained in a file in Preferences – Library – in home directory (e.g., Explorer); delete history via Browser – Prefernces – Advanced – Clear; while there it may also be a good idea to clear the cache – security on public mac h. Search tab on I.E., customizable i. Scrabook tab – saves an entire page or image and other multimedia elemens – to add drag page to scrapbook or hit add; to delete hold down mouse menu until option to delete appears; you can also edit name from context menu – edit; organize scapbook with folders and dividers j. Subscribe – under favorites; checks sites for changes; downloads into browser cache to load quickly k. Page holder – opens pane to store a single web page with multiple links – new page appears in main window – removes need for going back and forth l. Urls can be dragged to the desktop or dock to creat shortcuts – after @ sign m. Archiving websites – Save As web Archive; Options provides whether to download pictures, movies, links, etc.; Skip Links to other sites to limit the amount of downloading n. Plug-ins are snipets of computer code that a web browser can use to extend its capabilities. When browser ecounders EMBED or OBJECT command it looks for a plug-in to handle the code; stored in /Library/internaet/Plug-Ins/ folder inside home folder; to set preferences hold down mouse key on image that’s created by the plu-in o. File Helpers – Preferences – Receiving Files –helpers; options to alter associations of files downloaded to helper applications., and where to save files; can also add file types by using the Add command. p. Webs Security – (securing info being sent to others; web browsers support (SSL) Secure Sockets Layer technology – encrypts data in browser before it is sent i. Sites should be authenticated via certificates which web browser checks for autheticity (Verisign; Baltimore Cyber Trust and others) Vouch that the site is the company that it claims to be; if a mis match occurs an alert message is issued to the browser ii. Once authenticated encryption follows –only site can decrypt using a public encryption key is used for encryption; private encryption key decrypts iii. IE Preferences; security iv. Cookies – Saved piece of code that typically keeps data about you on your computer, typically in the preferences folder, tracks you on a website; can tern on or off cookies and have alerts to decide whether to accept/reject – under Prefences-cookies v. Web Privacy – on web side, a site can learn the IP address and web browser type and model that your Mac is using & the URL of the web page that you were on before you visited the new site 1. Browser cache – stored to make return visits quicker; can be purged from Preferences – Advanced 2. History – makes auto completion possible 3. Images and Ads – disabling JavaScript may do this, as will some other programs such as: Norton Internet Security; and Aladdin’s I Clean q. Sherlock 3 – search/browser-multiple channels 1. Customizing – change toolbars (View – Customize Toolbar – dialog appears 2. Add channels – Preferences – Subscriptions 12. Chapter 13 Remote Login, FTP and iChat a. Telnet and FTP built into Terminal b. In practice the Terminal – assessing your own Mac, assessing remote Macs FTP; assessing remote Macs using Telnet c. To enable remote login – System Preferences – Sharing; check remote login – make certain to coordinate with firewall tab (p. 332). d. Remote login can assess machine via named address or IP e. Launch Terminal – type Telnet - enter address – return f. iChat – can be used to chat and transfer files; get AOL account i. Add buddies ii. By enabling Rendezvous no need to configure names; Rendezvous will find active users for IM iii. File sharing – like instant email 1. Can also send file without chatting by ctrclicking on name; contextual menu appears with option 13. Chapter 14 E-Mail and Apple Mail a. Rules to eliminate spam; vacation; put items in specific folders 14. Chapter 18 Assessing Network Volumes a. Choose “Go” in Finder – Connect to Server b. Some servers appear, others type IP address c. AFP (Apple File Sharing Server) servers – local or via url d. Once connected a listing of available volumes/folders will appear (additional volumes can be selected by holding down command while clicking) e. Can also create alias’ to access servers without going through Go Menu – place in folder for easy access f. In options window – include password in key chain g. OS X 10.2 allows sharing with Windows machines using SMB protocol; and vice versa if Windows file sharing is turned on in Sharing Pane i. Share point must be invoked on PC – right click on folder and then choose Sharing giving various privileges ii. Use network window to connect or smb://IP iii. Log out pulling icon to Trash or select File – Eject; or ctrl – click right mouse button 15. Chapter 19 Building a Network and Sharing Files a. LAN = Local area network; WAN is a group of LANs b. Protocols TCP/IP or AppleTalk route data between computers in an orderly fashion, making sure packets of data leaving one computer arrive at the other c. AFP – Apple Filing Protocol – makes it possible for Mac OS X and earlier versions to share files via AppleShare over IP d. FTP – serves files e. http – serves web pages f. Rendezvous – makes it possible for computers to configure themselves on a TCP/IP network without relying on a DHCP or similar server. Also allows printers to configure themselves, iChat to find necessary resources and discover other Rendezvous users g. Personal File Sharing – enabled allows assess to portions of the HD; peer-to-peer network h. What a user sees depends on permissions (e.g., admin account can see home folder, most of OS X startup disk, including other user’s Public Folders, and other attached hard or removable disks; normal account-users home directory and Public Folders of all users on Computer 16. Chapter 23 Terminal and the Darwin Command Line a. Unix-based operating system; non-graphical b. Use Terminal Program to access or type Console during login procedure (Terminal is in Utilities Folder) c. To leave Terminal type exit and return d. Commands: i. pwd (print working directory) tells you where you are in hierarchy ii. finger – determine who is using machine iii. cd to change directory (no argument – goes to personal directory) iv. ls to list the files in a directory v. exit to log out vi. first term in line is typically a program and the second term is an argument (input to the program) vii. programs may also take options which are a hypen (-) e.g., -l with ls –l shows a more detailed listing viii. “which” command is like a find – shows path to file ix. built in commands from shell: type “builtins” x. cat lists a file or series of files xi. cp copy files: cp *.txt ~/Documents/ copies all files that end in .txt to the Document Folder inside home directory; cp readme.txt info.txt copies readme to info * is a wildcard xii. mv move or rename a file or directory mv memo.rtf memos (moves memo.rtf to folder memos) xiii. rm remove files or directories (use –R flag prior to directory name to remove directory and all its contents) xiv. mkdir makes directory xv. rmdir removes a directory (works only on empty directories xvi. passwd changes the password for the account currently logged-in xvii. sudo root control xviii. gzip file compression; gunzip uncompress (e.g., tar – czf backup.tgz ~/Documents creates a compressed archive of documents or tar -czf applicant.tgz stephres.doc cover.doc to create a compressed archive of 2 files pp. 570 xix. exit logout xx. ls –l (L) gives information about the files in a directory including permissions 1. “chmod” change permissions on files and directories form = “chmod u+w filename” where u, g, o, a are respectively (user “owner”, group, others and all) + or – adds or removes a permission r,w,x is the permission of read, write, execute; second argument is the name(s) of files or directory to change a. “chmod a+w textfile.txt “ gives all users write permission to the file 2. “chown” changes the ownership of a file or directory ; first argument is the new owner followed by files to change: a. “chown stevej /shared/documents/stevej “ (makes stevej the owner of a folder labelled “stevej” in shared/documents) b. or a file could be changed: chown “stevej /Public/memo2.doc” make sit possible for another person to move file, delete it, etc. 3. “chgrp” Changes the group associated with a file or directory, similar , they also will process all the directoryto choyn a. chgrp authors index.html 4. All of these commands support –R before the argument. This option makes these commands recursive, meaning that if you use them on a directory, they also will process all the directorie’s files and subdirectories. xxi. In most cases, you’ll need to use the sudo command to change the owner of a file or directory unless you’re logged into the root account. Thus, the above example would actually read: “sudo chown stevej /Public/memo2.do”c then prompted for an administrator’s password in order to perform the change. 17. Chapter 25 Web Serving, FTP Serving, and Net Security a. Web – responds to requests made by remote clients via http or downloading unrecognized files b. c. Web pages are stored in the Documents folder inside the Webserver folder that’s inside the main Library Folder on the startup disk /Library/Webserver/Documents. d. Replace the default index.html file in the Web Documents folder “index.html” e. Folders with documents can be nested within this folder and referenced accordingly f. Must have admin status to write to the Web Documents folder. This folder will then only have write permission for you, not all admin’s; permissions can be changes via Info; do not give write privileges to others g. Adding CGI Scripts; method by which applications can be run on the web server so that server can respond in real time to data and other input provided by the user. E. G. can be a script designed to send HTML form data as an email; Apache Webserver can process CGI scripts –Perl; Applescript; C, Objective C, Java and others (subscript to filename tells the language used i. Scripts should be stored in the CGI-Executable folder found inside the Webserver folder on your Mac (Library/WebServer/CGI-Executables); CGIExecutables folder is mapped to the standard URL path/cgi-bin/ (do not use CGI-Executables in the URL created (e.g., http://192.168.123.121/cgi-bin/count --where count is the script placed in the Executables Folder) 1. OS X includes a script “test-cgi” to make certain that the CGI feature is working. 2. Caveat: Before a script in CGI-Executables can execute properly its permissions need to be changed-need to use terminal for this: a. Launch Terminal then type cd /Library/Webserver/CGI-Executables – return b. sudo chmod 755 test-cgi – return (755 tells chmod to assign read and execute permissions for the Groups and Others, but without giving them write permissions) c. at password prompt enter password; proper permissions will then be input, and the script should execute d. test with browser: http://ip/cgi-bin/testcgi h. By default OSX enables users to have a personal website via websharing by placing HTML documents in a user’s Sites folder, making them assessable by appending ~username/ to URL using the short username assigned (e.g., http://192.168.123.113/~dss/ - would cause the index.html to appear) i. To execute CGI scripts from here one needs to reference the cgi-bin in the main directory (e.g., http:// 192.168.123.113/cgi-bin/test-cgi) ii. Turn on Firewall if using websharing with static IP and turn off other sharing options for security 18. Chapter 26 Adding Internet and Network Services a. Sreaming Video with Quicktime Steaming Server pps 630 639