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Final Exam Review - Lake
Final Exam Review - Lake

... Assume that a simple random sample has been selected from a normally distributed population and test the given claim. Use either the traditional method or P-value method as indicated. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses, test statistic, critical value(s) or P-value (or range of P-values) as ...
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... Can calculate odds and OR if know Pr CANNOT calculate frequency (actual data points) from only knowing Pr, odds or OR (summary statistics). CAN calculate frequency from only knowing Pr, odds or OR IF KNOW RELEVANT SAMPLE SIZE. Example: if only know coin 1 Pr of head = 0.3, cannot know # heads actual ...
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... Example: (a) An experiment consists of throwing a single die twice. The probability of any of the six faces, 1 through 6, coming up in either experiment is 1/6. Suppose that we want to find the probability that a 2 comes up, followed by a 4. These two events are statistically independent (the second ...
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... x = randu(-1,1) 2 calls to randu y = randu(-1,1) if x**2 + y**2 <= 1 : # Inside the unit circle Hits += 1 piEst = 4*float(Hits)/float(N) ...
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Probability

Probability is the measure of the likeliness that an event will occur. Probability is quantified as a number between 0 and 1 (where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty). The higher the probability of an event, the more certain we are that the event will occur. A simple example is the toss of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the two outcomes are equally probable, the probability of ""heads"" equals the probability of ""tails"", so the probability is 1/2 (or 50%) chance of either ""heads"" or ""tails"".These concepts have been given an axiomatic mathematical formalization in probability theory (see probability axioms), which is used widely in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science (in particular physics), artificial intelligence/machine learning, computer science, game theory, and philosophy to, for example, draw inferences about the expected frequency of events. Probability theory is also used to describe the underlying mechanics and regularities of complex systems.
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