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How to calculate a P-value using at value
How to calculate a P-value using at value

... Drawing the t distribution p. 118 Shade t draws the t Distribution function with the specified lower and upper values and calculates the probability. Key F5 Distr 1: Shade 2: Shade t. For an upper p-value (i.e. if t is positive) enter the t value [e.g. (-)/(s/n)] as the Lower Value and  as the ...
rk`for the procedures discussed in this book by theory`of hypothesis
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... they consider higher in status. If the differences are small enough to attribute to chance variability, we may well not worry about them. On the other hand, it we can rule out chance as the source of the difference, we probably need to look further. This decision about chance is what we mean by hypo ...
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... of rn N resp, rn,N are in most (but not in all) cases negligible . The corresponding probabilities are in general (if the number N of edges is not too large) asymptotically equal . There is a third possible point of view which is in most cases almost equivalent with these two ; we may suppose that f ...
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... 4 The Gaussian Channel with Rayleigh Fading Suppose now that the matrix H is not xed, but is a random matrix H independent of both x and n. The realization of H of H is assumed to be known at the receiver, but not at the transmitter. The channel is thus with input x and output (y H ) = (Hx + n H ...
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... occurs even when a potential preventive cause is absent, people will be uncertain as to the preventive power, because it is undefined. She reports experiments confirming that prediction. As Cheng notes, the ceiling effects that follow from her model are standard pieces of experimental practice. If y ...
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Official Journal of the Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics

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... the fraction of those lives about which the question is asked (e.g., those alive at age x) whose lifetimes will satisfy the stated property (e.g., die either between 35 and 41 or between 52 and 60). This “frequentist” notion of probability of an event as the relative frequency with which the event o ...
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Optimal exit time from casino gambling: Why a lucky coin

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Probability

Probability is the measure of the likeliness that an event will occur. Probability is quantified as a number between 0 and 1 (where 0 indicates impossibility and 1 indicates certainty). The higher the probability of an event, the more certain we are that the event will occur. A simple example is the toss of a fair (unbiased) coin. Since the two outcomes are equally probable, the probability of ""heads"" equals the probability of ""tails"", so the probability is 1/2 (or 50%) chance of either ""heads"" or ""tails"".These concepts have been given an axiomatic mathematical formalization in probability theory (see probability axioms), which is used widely in such areas of study as mathematics, statistics, finance, gambling, science (in particular physics), artificial intelligence/machine learning, computer science, game theory, and philosophy to, for example, draw inferences about the expected frequency of events. Probability theory is also used to describe the underlying mechanics and regularities of complex systems.
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