Optical Atomic Clocks for Space
... Observation and Navigation, the technology development programme presented in this document aims to achieve space deployment of an optical atomic clock by 2020. Since the development of the first caesium atomic clock in 1955, microwave frequency standards and clocks have made an enormous contributio ...
... Observation and Navigation, the technology development programme presented in this document aims to achieve space deployment of an optical atomic clock by 2020. Since the development of the first caesium atomic clock in 1955, microwave frequency standards and clocks have made an enormous contributio ...
Optical Atomic Clocks
... An 1879 text written by Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and Tait (Kelvin and Tait, 1902; Snyder, 1973; Thomson and Tait, 1879) included the following: “The recent discoveries due to the Kinetic theory of gases and to Spectrum analysis (especially when it is applied to the light of the heavenly bodies) indicat ...
... An 1879 text written by Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and Tait (Kelvin and Tait, 1902; Snyder, 1973; Thomson and Tait, 1879) included the following: “The recent discoveries due to the Kinetic theory of gases and to Spectrum analysis (especially when it is applied to the light of the heavenly bodies) indicat ...
The Einstein Hoax
... relativistic theory (as discussed later) and employed that mathematical technique in the theory's derivation. Its use for such a purpose introduced a mathematical error of a type which, if persistently made by a student of Elementary Calculus, would result in a failing grade for the course. As a res ...
... relativistic theory (as discussed later) and employed that mathematical technique in the theory's derivation. Its use for such a purpose introduced a mathematical error of a type which, if persistently made by a student of Elementary Calculus, would result in a failing grade for the course. As a res ...
Optical atomic clocks
... we require a system that exhibits a regular periodic event; that is, its cycles occur at a constant frequency, thereby providing a stable frequency reference and a basic unit of time. Counting cycles of this frequency generator produces time intervals; if we can agree on an origin of time then the d ...
... we require a system that exhibits a regular periodic event; that is, its cycles occur at a constant frequency, thereby providing a stable frequency reference and a basic unit of time. Counting cycles of this frequency generator produces time intervals; if we can agree on an origin of time then the d ...
Data driven WZ background estimation for SUSY searches with
... The image on the cover page shows a reconstruction of a proton proton collision leading to two muons, an electron and missing transverse energy, measured by the CMS detector. The red lines indicate muon tracks, the orange lines the charged particle tracks in the tracker, one of which is the electro ...
... The image on the cover page shows a reconstruction of a proton proton collision leading to two muons, an electron and missing transverse energy, measured by the CMS detector. The red lines indicate muon tracks, the orange lines the charged particle tracks in the tracker, one of which is the electro ...
electrostatics (08)
... a) p-n junction diode under forward bias b) p-n junction diode under reverse bias Application of junction diode as a rectifier a) 1/2 Wave rectifier b) Full Wave rectifier c) Use of R-C Filter ...
... a) p-n junction diode under forward bias b) p-n junction diode under reverse bias Application of junction diode as a rectifier a) 1/2 Wave rectifier b) Full Wave rectifier c) Use of R-C Filter ...
¯ t Analysis with Taus in the Final State
... simulation (squares) as a function of pT (left) and η (right) of the visible products of the τ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.22 Tau rejection factor on tt̄ events, normalized to cone 0.4 truth jets, for corrected ATLFAST (triangles) and full simu ...
... simulation (squares) as a function of pT (left) and η (right) of the visible products of the τ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.22 Tau rejection factor on tt̄ events, normalized to cone 0.4 truth jets, for corrected ATLFAST (triangles) and full simu ...
Physicist`s World manuscript - Evergreen State College Archives
... discovery that the speed of light in free space represents an upper limit to how rapidly any form of matter or energy - and hence information - can be transmitted. When we look up at the night sky we see it not as it appears now, but the way it looked when the light first began its long journey to o ...
... discovery that the speed of light in free space represents an upper limit to how rapidly any form of matter or energy - and hence information - can be transmitted. When we look up at the night sky we see it not as it appears now, but the way it looked when the light first began its long journey to o ...
Complete characterization of a spatiotemporally
... Other techniques use combinations of spatial and temporal measurements. Shackled FROG [33,34] and HAMSTER [35] are based on combining a Hartmann–Shack spatial sensor with a FROG apparatus. The Hartmann–Shack sensor yields the spatial wavefront and amplitude information, and a FROG measurement of the ...
... Other techniques use combinations of spatial and temporal measurements. Shackled FROG [33,34] and HAMSTER [35] are based on combining a Hartmann–Shack spatial sensor with a FROG apparatus. The Hartmann–Shack sensor yields the spatial wavefront and amplitude information, and a FROG measurement of the ...
(Very) basic introduction to special relativity
... For example, we can say:“The homecoming fireworks were lighted up last Friday at Schoellkopf Field.” To express this event in coordinates we would need three spacial coordinates and one temporal coordinate. But if we ask about the distance between this moment and the homecoming event, we only need t ...
... For example, we can say:“The homecoming fireworks were lighted up last Friday at Schoellkopf Field.” To express this event in coordinates we would need three spacial coordinates and one temporal coordinate. But if we ask about the distance between this moment and the homecoming event, we only need t ...
Vibrating Rays Theory arXiv:1407.5001v8
... of its consequences. We first note that we have kept the probably unsuitable term “vibrating rays” as homage to its insightful introducer: Michael Faraday. Certainly, the image of rays or “protrusions” emanating from an electric charge is not a very palatable one for a contemporary physicist. The te ...
... of its consequences. We first note that we have kept the probably unsuitable term “vibrating rays” as homage to its insightful introducer: Michael Faraday. Certainly, the image of rays or “protrusions” emanating from an electric charge is not a very palatable one for a contemporary physicist. The te ...
Einstein_Discover (Chicago refs)
... Yet Einstein could know that his novel and outrageous thought was the right one of the many possible because of the thoroughness of his preparation. It showed him that nothing else would work. A real understanding of how Einstein discovered requires a fuller appreciation of these lengthy investigati ...
... Yet Einstein could know that his novel and outrageous thought was the right one of the many possible because of the thoroughness of his preparation. It showed him that nothing else would work. A real understanding of how Einstein discovered requires a fuller appreciation of these lengthy investigati ...
Fulltext - ETH E-Collection
... reconstruction with the electronic detector data is also important to track the path of the charged particles; this permits to identify the muon tracks produced in the νµ CC events. The reconstruction and identification of the muon tracks in OPERA is used first of all to identify the νµ interactions ...
... reconstruction with the electronic detector data is also important to track the path of the charged particles; this permits to identify the muon tracks produced in the νµ CC events. The reconstruction and identification of the muon tracks in OPERA is used first of all to identify the νµ interactions ...
Relativity made relatively easy
... level. It is not intended to be the first introduction to the subject for most students, although for a bright student it could function as that. Therefore basic ideas such as time dilation and space contraction are recalled but not discussed at length. However, I think it is also beneficial to have ...
... level. It is not intended to be the first introduction to the subject for most students, although for a bright student it could function as that. Therefore basic ideas such as time dilation and space contraction are recalled but not discussed at length. However, I think it is also beneficial to have ...
Introduction
... theta, which are used for the kinematic reconstruction, as well as the photon energy and z vertex position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... theta, which are used for the kinematic reconstruction, as well as the photon energy and z vertex position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Optical atomic clocks
... systems have demonstrated values as high as 1015 , five orders of magnitude higher than analogous microwave systems, giving optical clocks a tremendous advantage in terms of potential short-term and long-term frequency stability. From eq. 1, we see that for a transition linewidth, ∆ν, of 1 Hz, measu ...
... systems have demonstrated values as high as 1015 , five orders of magnitude higher than analogous microwave systems, giving optical clocks a tremendous advantage in terms of potential short-term and long-term frequency stability. From eq. 1, we see that for a transition linewidth, ∆ν, of 1 Hz, measu ...
Global auroral responses to abrupt solar wind changes: Dynamic
... convection reduction after a ^30 min period of negative Bz lead to the onset of substorms. The upper panels of Figure 1 shows the IMF Bz and solar wind dynamic pressure Pdyn as observed by the ACE and Geotail spacecraft within the solar wind for a period including one such substorm with onset at 19 ...
... convection reduction after a ^30 min period of negative Bz lead to the onset of substorms. The upper panels of Figure 1 shows the IMF Bz and solar wind dynamic pressure Pdyn as observed by the ACE and Geotail spacecraft within the solar wind for a period including one such substorm with onset at 19 ...
Dr. Charles William Lucas
... scientific method. Any assumptions or ideas may be used as hypotheses in science as long as some data supports their predictions. Falsification of predictions by experimental data is the only criterion for evaluation of theories. If every assumption or idea in a theory is false, but it can be used t ...
... scientific method. Any assumptions or ideas may be used as hypotheses in science as long as some data supports their predictions. Falsification of predictions by experimental data is the only criterion for evaluation of theories. If every assumption or idea in a theory is false, but it can be used t ...
Many-Minds Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
... where F is the gravitational force between two bodies of mass m1 and m2 at distance r and G is the gravitational constant (≈ 9.81 meter per second2 ), you can e.g. predict by mathematical computation the coming position of the planets in our Solar system from their current positions and velocities. ...
... where F is the gravitational force between two bodies of mass m1 and m2 at distance r and G is the gravitational constant (≈ 9.81 meter per second2 ), you can e.g. predict by mathematical computation the coming position of the planets in our Solar system from their current positions and velocities. ...
32 From Galileo to Lorentz transformations
... observer moving with the bar must see an electric field in order to explain the induced currents. However, even if this is perfectly correct, the observer is not able to attribute the electric field to any electric charge nor to a time-varying magnetic field, and therefore the appearance of the elec ...
... observer moving with the bar must see an electric field in order to explain the induced currents. However, even if this is perfectly correct, the observer is not able to attribute the electric field to any electric charge nor to a time-varying magnetic field, and therefore the appearance of the elec ...
On the Bel radiative gravitational fields Joan Josep Ferrando aez
... understand the already known concepts and the new ones we are introducing. For this reason we devote section 2 to summarize several known results on the electromagnetic field. We present them in a way that facilitates their extension to the gravitational field. In section 3 we introduce the notation ...
... understand the already known concepts and the new ones we are introducing. For this reason we devote section 2 to summarize several known results on the electromagnetic field. We present them in a way that facilitates their extension to the gravitational field. In section 3 we introduce the notation ...
Part II : Light and gravitation
... the surface W = c². The potential is parallel to 4.D. In balance the masses parallel to 3D-surface are evenly shared over the 3D-surface and create a pull force around the whole closed surface. When the pull force is parallel to the surface and surrounds the surface, it has a component perpendicular ...
... the surface W = c². The potential is parallel to 4.D. In balance the masses parallel to 3D-surface are evenly shared over the 3D-surface and create a pull force around the whole closed surface. When the pull force is parallel to the surface and surrounds the surface, it has a component perpendicular ...
Chapter_2 - Experimental Elementary Particle Physics Group
... clock" to compensate for velocity (or, for that matter, position). The point is that these are both assumptions invoked by relativity: (1) the zeroth and first derivatives of position are perfectly relative and undetectable, and (2) the second and higher derivatives of position are perfectly absolut ...
... clock" to compensate for velocity (or, for that matter, position). The point is that these are both assumptions invoked by relativity: (1) the zeroth and first derivatives of position are perfectly relative and undetectable, and (2) the second and higher derivatives of position are perfectly absolut ...
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... notes were invaluable and reasonably well written. However, they also told me that the notes were next to useless without also attending the lectures. So, don’t get caught in the trap of thinking ‘well, I have the notes, maybe it’s OK if I skip class today to take care of an important errand....’ Ye ...
... notes were invaluable and reasonably well written. However, they also told me that the notes were next to useless without also attending the lectures. So, don’t get caught in the trap of thinking ‘well, I have the notes, maybe it’s OK if I skip class today to take care of an important errand....’ Ye ...
Time
Time is a measure in which events can be ordered from the past through the present into the future, and also the measure of durations of events and the intervals between them. Time is often referred to as the fourth dimension, along with the three spatial dimensions.Time has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars.Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems.Some simple definitions of time include ""time is what clocks measure"", which is a problematically vague and self-referential definition that utilizes the device used to measure the subject as the definition of the subject, and ""time is what keeps everything from happening at once"", which is without substantive meaning in the absence of the definition of simultaneity in the context of the limitations of human sensation, observation of events, and the perception of such events.Two contrasting viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers.One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe—a dimension independent of events, in which events occur in sequence.Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time.The opposing view is that time does not refer to any kind of ""container"" that events and objects ""move through"", nor to any entity that ""flows"", but that it is instead part of a fundamental intellectual structure (together with space and number) within which humans sequence and compare events. This second view, in the tradition of Gottfried Leibnizand Immanuel Kant,holds that time is neither an event nor a thing, and thus is not itself measurable nor can it be travelled.Time is one of the seven fundamental physical quantities in both the International System of Units and International System of Quantities. Time is used to define other quantities—such as velocity—so defining time in terms of such quantities would result in circularity of definition.An operational definition of time, wherein one says that observing a certain number of repetitions of one or another standard cyclical event (such as the passage of a free-swinging pendulum) constitutes one standard unit such as the second, is highly useful in the conduct of both advanced experiments and everyday affairs of life. The operational definition leaves aside the question whether there is something called time, apart from the counting activity just mentioned, that flows and that can be measured. Investigations of a single continuum called spacetime bring questions about space into questions about time, questions that have their roots in the works of early students of natural philosophy.Furthermore, it may be that there is a subjective component to time, but whether or not time itself is ""felt"", as a sensation, or is a judgment, is a matter of debate.Temporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a pendulum, and the beat of a heart. Currently, the international unit of time, the second, is defined by measuring the electronic transition frequency of caesium atoms (see below). Time is also of significant social importance, having economic value (""time is money"") as well as personal value, due to an awareness of the limited time in each day and in human life spans.