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Summer_Talk_new - University of Toronto, Particle Physics and
Summer_Talk_new - University of Toronto, Particle Physics and

... • In vacuum, a photon: has velocity c and has zero mass • In glass, a photon: has velocity < c , same as an effective mass Refractive Index • This is due to photon interacting with electromagnetic field in condensed matter • By analogy can understand masses of particles generated by Higgs Field in v ...
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Lecture notes 2: Quantum mechanics in a nutshell

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... of h =m!0 . Thus the spectrum consists of equally spaced shells. The energy of the nth shell is nh!0 , and its degeneracy is n. Within a given shell the states are characterized by a single quantum number, e.g., the angular momentum ‘. The average mean-field Coulomb interactions between electrons ...
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Quantum Theory of Fields and Elementary Particles
Quantum Theory of Fields and Elementary Particles

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Canonical quantization

In physics, canonical quantization is a procedure for quantizing a classical theory, while attempting to preserve the formal structure, such as symmetries, of the classical theory, to the greatest extent possible.Historically, this was not quite Werner Heisenberg's route to obtaining quantum mechanics, but Paul Dirac introduced it in his 1926 doctoral thesis, the ""method of classical analogy"" for quantization, and detailed it in his classic text. The word canonical arises from the Hamiltonian approach to classical mechanics, in which a system's dynamics is generated via canonical Poisson brackets, a structure which is only partially preserved in canonical quantization.This method was further used in the context of quantum field theory by Paul Dirac, in his construction of quantum electrodynamics. In the field theory context, it is also called second quantization, in contrast to the semi-classical first quantization for single particles.
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