
electric Potential
... The functioning of the human nervous system depends on electricity. Tiny currents travel along nerve cells to signal, for example, muscles to contract, or digestive fluids to be secreted, or white blood cells to attack an invader. The brain is a center of electrical activity; as signals come from th ...
... The functioning of the human nervous system depends on electricity. Tiny currents travel along nerve cells to signal, for example, muscles to contract, or digestive fluids to be secreted, or white blood cells to attack an invader. The brain is a center of electrical activity; as signals come from th ...
An introduction to magnetic reconnection
... What have these systems in common? • A primarily ideal, i.e. topology conserving dynamics. • A (spontaneous) local non-ideal process, which changes the topology. Characteristics of magnetic reconnection: a) it generates an electric field which accelerates particles parallel to B b) it dissipates ma ...
... What have these systems in common? • A primarily ideal, i.e. topology conserving dynamics. • A (spontaneous) local non-ideal process, which changes the topology. Characteristics of magnetic reconnection: a) it generates an electric field which accelerates particles parallel to B b) it dissipates ma ...
Endless Tides
... The parallel plate waveguide is the simplest type of guide that can support TM and TE Modes, and TEM as well because it’s formed from two plates as shown. The width W is assumed to be much greater than the separation d, so that fringing fields and any x variation can be ignored. A material with perm ...
... The parallel plate waveguide is the simplest type of guide that can support TM and TE Modes, and TEM as well because it’s formed from two plates as shown. The width W is assumed to be much greater than the separation d, so that fringing fields and any x variation can be ignored. A material with perm ...
Department of Physics and Astronomy Magnetic and Magneto
... metal (TM)-doped In2O3 thin films grown under different conditions. The SrTiO3 has been chosen as a substrate because its structure is suitable to grow epitaxial LSMO and GdMnO3 films. However, the absorption of SrTiO3 above its band gap at about 3.26 eV is actually a limitation in this study. The L ...
... metal (TM)-doped In2O3 thin films grown under different conditions. The SrTiO3 has been chosen as a substrate because its structure is suitable to grow epitaxial LSMO and GdMnO3 films. However, the absorption of SrTiO3 above its band gap at about 3.26 eV is actually a limitation in this study. The L ...
Collective Radiation of Coupled Atomic Dipoles and the Precise
... Ultracold optical lattice atomic clocks have made it to the forefront of timekeeping and spectroscopy over the last decade. A prominent example, that features a relative precision of 2 · 10 18 in the measurement of one second, is the 87 Sr lattice clock at NIST in Boulder, CO. A plethora of fundamen ...
... Ultracold optical lattice atomic clocks have made it to the forefront of timekeeping and spectroscopy over the last decade. A prominent example, that features a relative precision of 2 · 10 18 in the measurement of one second, is the 87 Sr lattice clock at NIST in Boulder, CO. A plethora of fundamen ...
Localized light orbitals: Basis states for three
... Photonic band gap 共PBG兲 materials1,2 are engineered dielectric microstructures in which light can be localized.1,3 These complex, three-dimensional 共3D兲 scattering, microstructures enable unprecedented forms of optical waveguiding.4–6 These “semiconductors of light” enable large scale integration of ...
... Photonic band gap 共PBG兲 materials1,2 are engineered dielectric microstructures in which light can be localized.1,3 These complex, three-dimensional 共3D兲 scattering, microstructures enable unprecedented forms of optical waveguiding.4–6 These “semiconductors of light” enable large scale integration of ...
Internet copy
... conditions: #1. A facsimile (copy) of this copyright page must also be included with any copy made of either part or all of this monograph, if this copy is to be used independently from other texts. In the case of incorporating a copy of this monograph into another text, information on the author, t ...
... conditions: #1. A facsimile (copy) of this copyright page must also be included with any copy made of either part or all of this monograph, if this copy is to be used independently from other texts. In the case of incorporating a copy of this monograph into another text, information on the author, t ...
Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism is a branch of physics which involves the study of the electromagnetic force, a type of physical interaction that occurs between electrically charged particles. The electromagnetic force usually shows electromagnetic fields, such as electric fields, magnetic fields, and light. The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental interactions in nature. The other three fundamental interactions are the strong interaction, the weak interaction, and gravitation.The word electromagnetism is a compound form of two Greek terms, ἤλεκτρον, ēlektron, ""amber"", and μαγνῆτις λίθος magnētis lithos, which means ""magnesian stone"", a type of iron ore. The science of electromagnetic phenomena is defined in terms of the electromagnetic force, sometimes called the Lorentz force, which includes both electricity and magnetism as elements of one phenomenon.The electromagnetic force plays a major role in determining the internal properties of most objects encountered in daily life. Ordinary matter takes its form as a result of intermolecular forces between individual molecules in matter. Electrons are bound by electromagnetic wave mechanics into orbitals around atomic nuclei to form atoms, which are the building blocks of molecules. This governs the processes involved in chemistry, which arise from interactions between the electrons of neighboring atoms, which are in turn determined by the interaction between electromagnetic force and the momentum of the electrons.There are numerous mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field. In classical electrodynamics, electric fields are described as electric potential and electric current in Ohm's law, magnetic fields are associated with electromagnetic induction and magnetism, and Maxwell's equations describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents.The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, in particular the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the ""medium"" of propagation (permeability and permittivity), led to the development of special relativity by Albert Einstein in 1905.Although electromagnetism is considered one of the four fundamental forces, at high energy the weak force and electromagnetism are unified. In the history of the universe, during the quark epoch, the electroweak force split into the electromagnetic and weak forces.