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The Electrical Conductivity of a Partially Ionized Argon
The Electrical Conductivity of a Partially Ionized Argon

... fn the case of small deviations from thermal equilibrium the second ENSKOG approximation is used as a starting point for solving the BOLTZMANN equation of the electrons in a partially ionized plasma. The distribution function is expanded according to LAGUERRE polynomials up to the order of 3 . In th ...
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... field. The force between two magnetic poles is similar to the force between electrically charged particles, the force decreases with the square of the distance between them, and like poles repel while opposite poles attract. However there is a difference - we can isolate negative charge, for example ...
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... From the PE = KE equation for the accelerator, we know that v = (2qV/m)½ So a particle having twice the mass and twice the charge will have the same velocity. Now that we have particles all the same velocity, we need to separate them on the basis of mass. Positively charged particles traveling in a ...
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Superconductivity



Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current flowing through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C). Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. Liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and superconduction at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.
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