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R = L / A.
R = L / A.

PHYSICS 241/261 FINAL EXAM July 26, 2002
PHYSICS 241/261 FINAL EXAM July 26, 2002

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... (1) Code your test number on your answer sheet (use 76–80 for the 5-digit number). Code your name on your answer sheet. Darken circles completely (errors can occur if too light). Code your student number on your answer sheet. (2) Print your name on this sheet and sign it also. (3) Do all scratch wor ...
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Electromagnetism: The Motor Lab Student Version Key Concepts

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Peaceful Uses of Fusion - Nuclear Sciences and Applications

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Assignment 7 Solutions

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... of tines. In this interpretation, the Maxwell equations are fluidlike equations that describe the creation and flow of field lines. Although it is unnecessary to assume the physical existence of field lines, the concept is a powerful aid to intuit complex problems. The Lorentz law (Section 3.2) desc ...
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Superconductivity



Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic fields occurring in certain materials when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature. It was discovered by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes on April 8, 1911 in Leiden. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon. It is characterized by the Meissner effect, the complete ejection of magnetic field lines from the interior of the superconductor as it transitions into the superconducting state. The occurrence of the Meissner effect indicates that superconductivity cannot be understood simply as the idealization of perfect conductivity in classical physics.The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered. In ordinary conductors, such as copper or silver, this decrease is limited by impurities and other defects. Even near absolute zero, a real sample of a normal conductor shows some resistance. In a superconductor, the resistance drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its critical temperature. An electric current flowing through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.In 1986, it was discovered that some cuprate-perovskite ceramic materials have a critical temperature above 90 K (−183 °C). Such a high transition temperature is theoretically impossible for a conventional superconductor, leading the materials to be termed high-temperature superconductors. Liquid nitrogen boils at 77 K, and superconduction at higher temperatures than this facilitates many experiments and applications that are less practical at lower temperatures.
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