Theories of Covalent Bonding
... • A covalent bonds results from the overlap of valence atomic orbitals on neighboring atoms occupied by unpaired electrons and the formation of an electron pair which has highest probability to be between the nuclei ...
... • A covalent bonds results from the overlap of valence atomic orbitals on neighboring atoms occupied by unpaired electrons and the formation of an electron pair which has highest probability to be between the nuclei ...
PHZ 7427 SOLID STATE II: Electron-electron interaction and the
... no contribution to the sum. Physically, it means that the fluctuation of infinite size in real space (corresponding to ~q = 0) do not interact as they are compensated by uniform charge of ions. With that, we re-write Ĥint as ...
... no contribution to the sum. Physically, it means that the fluctuation of infinite size in real space (corresponding to ~q = 0) do not interact as they are compensated by uniform charge of ions. With that, we re-write Ĥint as ...
Medical physics of diagnostic and therapeutic equipment_2
... C. The longest time an unstable atom can exist in this unstable state D. The longest time an unstable atom can exist in this unstable state E. The average time it takes for the electron to decay from higher state to a lower state ANSWER: E CO2 laser is A. an atomic laser B. a laser that works with m ...
... C. The longest time an unstable atom can exist in this unstable state D. The longest time an unstable atom can exist in this unstable state E. The average time it takes for the electron to decay from higher state to a lower state ANSWER: E CO2 laser is A. an atomic laser B. a laser that works with m ...
silicon photonics: an evolving technology
... always the most challenging part in the whole silicon-based OEIC networks, hence attracting heavy research interests these years. As shown in Figure 4, unlike III-V materials such as GaAs or InP, Si has an indirect bandgap structure, which means the valley on conduction band where free electrons sta ...
... always the most challenging part in the whole silicon-based OEIC networks, hence attracting heavy research interests these years. As shown in Figure 4, unlike III-V materials such as GaAs or InP, Si has an indirect bandgap structure, which means the valley on conduction band where free electrons sta ...
Chapter 2 Atomic Motion in an Optical Standing Wave
... Notice that this adiabatic-elimination procedure is similar to the one commonly used to study laser cooling and trapping, where the excited state is eliminated, but spontaneous emission is not ignored; this procedure leads to a Fokker-Planck equation of motion for the atomic distribution [Stenholm86 ...
... Notice that this adiabatic-elimination procedure is similar to the one commonly used to study laser cooling and trapping, where the excited state is eliminated, but spontaneous emission is not ignored; this procedure leads to a Fokker-Planck equation of motion for the atomic distribution [Stenholm86 ...
FILTERS AND BEAM SPLITTERS Several of the applications of
... Wavelength-selective filters are used to produce or select specific color or band of color from a white light source, to isolate a specific wavelength, or to reject a specific wavelength or band of wavelengths. We will study three general classes of wavelength-selective filters according to their us ...
... Wavelength-selective filters are used to produce or select specific color or band of color from a white light source, to isolate a specific wavelength, or to reject a specific wavelength or band of wavelengths. We will study three general classes of wavelength-selective filters according to their us ...
Thickness dependence of amplified spontaneous emission in low-absorbing organic waveguides
... mainly due to their excellent thermal and photostability properties, as well as their high PL quantum efficiencies. In addition, these materials are particularly interesting in the field of data communications based on polymer optical fibers because they emit at wavelengths around 570 nm, inside the ...
... mainly due to their excellent thermal and photostability properties, as well as their high PL quantum efficiencies. In addition, these materials are particularly interesting in the field of data communications based on polymer optical fibers because they emit at wavelengths around 570 nm, inside the ...
Picosecond-pulse amplification with an external passive optical cavity
... with moderate energies have been obtained directly from the oscillator with long-cavity designs3 and cavity dumping.4 – 6 Because the latter two approaches are not based on active amplification stages, they represent a much simpler and cost-effective means to enhancing pulse energies. Long-cavity la ...
... with moderate energies have been obtained directly from the oscillator with long-cavity designs3 and cavity dumping.4 – 6 Because the latter two approaches are not based on active amplification stages, they represent a much simpler and cost-effective means to enhancing pulse energies. Long-cavity la ...
PDF
... optical beam the propagation direction is ẑ, and x̂ and ŷ polarizations are denoted by arrows and bullets, respectively; PBS, polarizing beam splitter. levels of rubidium, see [3] for the actual atomic levels involved as well as a complete description of the memory and its operation.) With a liqui ...
... optical beam the propagation direction is ẑ, and x̂ and ŷ polarizations are denoted by arrows and bullets, respectively; PBS, polarizing beam splitter. levels of rubidium, see [3] for the actual atomic levels involved as well as a complete description of the memory and its operation.) With a liqui ...
Synthesis and characterization of nanostructured
... In the last years, synthesis and characterization of bismuth compounds have received a great attention due to their potential applications. Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) can be used as an additive in paints and cataphoresis, it is also used as a substitute of lead oxide in glasses [1], in oxide-ion conducto ...
... In the last years, synthesis and characterization of bismuth compounds have received a great attention due to their potential applications. Bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) can be used as an additive in paints and cataphoresis, it is also used as a substitute of lead oxide in glasses [1], in oxide-ion conducto ...
Atomic physics
... FIG. 1. Cold atomic photoassociation. Colliding atoms incident on the ground-state potential are excited by a laser of frequency v L to bound excited states. At low temperature, the photon absorption rate exhibits a highly resolved peak when v L is tuned across a free-bound transition. The triplet s ...
... FIG. 1. Cold atomic photoassociation. Colliding atoms incident on the ground-state potential are excited by a laser of frequency v L to bound excited states. At low temperature, the photon absorption rate exhibits a highly resolved peak when v L is tuned across a free-bound transition. The triplet s ...
PDF
... mode over an extremely broad wavelength range (370 nm –1600 nm); . there are new degrees of freedom that allow one to manipulate the fiber’s group-velocity dispersion (GVD) properties; and . many, but not all, PCFs are polarization maintaining as a result of form birefringence present in the core. T ...
... mode over an extremely broad wavelength range (370 nm –1600 nm); . there are new degrees of freedom that allow one to manipulate the fiber’s group-velocity dispersion (GVD) properties; and . many, but not all, PCFs are polarization maintaining as a result of form birefringence present in the core. T ...
Novel Approach to the Study of Surface Plasmon Resonance and
... A spheroid is a quadric surface in three dimensions obtained by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes. Three particular cases of a spheroid are: 1) the ellipse is rotated about its major axis, the surface is a prolate spheroid; 2) the ellipse is rotated about its minor axis, the surfac ...
... A spheroid is a quadric surface in three dimensions obtained by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes. Three particular cases of a spheroid are: 1) the ellipse is rotated about its major axis, the surface is a prolate spheroid; 2) the ellipse is rotated about its minor axis, the surfac ...
of Cyclotron resonance a two-dimensional Wigner crystal
... The electron-electron interaction influences not only the ground state, but also the scattering of electrons by medium vibrations (MV) (phonons in semiconductors or capillary waves on the helium surface) and by impurities. The influence on scattering is extremely strong when the quantising magnetic ...
... The electron-electron interaction influences not only the ground state, but also the scattering of electrons by medium vibrations (MV) (phonons in semiconductors or capillary waves on the helium surface) and by impurities. The influence on scattering is extremely strong when the quantising magnetic ...
M.H. Lu, C.F. Madigan, and J.C. Sturm, "Experiment and modeling of conversion of substrate-wave-guided modes to surface-emitted light by substrate patterning," Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 621, pp. Q3.7.1-Q3.7.6 (2000).
... ITO/organic modes are those with angle greater than θc2. Substrate modes are emitted through the edges of the substrate, whereas the ITO/organic modes are heavily attenuated, and does not emit through the edge [5]. According to classical ray optics the amount of energy emitted into the external, su ...
... ITO/organic modes are those with angle greater than θc2. Substrate modes are emitted through the edges of the substrate, whereas the ITO/organic modes are heavily attenuated, and does not emit through the edge [5]. According to classical ray optics the amount of energy emitted into the external, su ...
Figure 2. Turbo FT Laser Lineshape
... is capable of the high scan rates. The linear scan reciprocates, and thus requires a reference laser to provide proper detector sampling. The rotary scan is based on a spinning refractor, and thus can be run laserless. Generally, the linear scan device is used in portable ground truth and atmospheri ...
... is capable of the high scan rates. The linear scan reciprocates, and thus requires a reference laser to provide proper detector sampling. The rotary scan is based on a spinning refractor, and thus can be run laserless. Generally, the linear scan device is used in portable ground truth and atmospheri ...
Andy Schoefield`s review on Non
... W hile some of these ideas have been used to try and understand the high temperature superconductors, I w ill show that in many cases one can see the physics illustrated by these exam ples in other materials. I believe that we are just seeing the tip of an iceberg of new types of metal w hich will r ...
... W hile some of these ideas have been used to try and understand the high temperature superconductors, I w ill show that in many cases one can see the physics illustrated by these exam ples in other materials. I believe that we are just seeing the tip of an iceberg of new types of metal w hich will r ...
Chapter 5. IR Spectroscopy and Raman Scattering
... The dipole moment is the product of the charge times distance and is similar to the moment of inertia in mechanics except that charge is the weighting factor rather than mass. When an EM wave in the IR wavelengths irradiates a molecule the electric field acts on the charge distribution in the molecu ...
... The dipole moment is the product of the charge times distance and is similar to the moment of inertia in mechanics except that charge is the weighting factor rather than mass. When an EM wave in the IR wavelengths irradiates a molecule the electric field acts on the charge distribution in the molecu ...
Magnetic hyperbolic optical metamaterials ARTICLE
... 1,450 nm wavelength, the phase accumulation along the ky axis remains nearly unchanged being close to zero for the entire range of incident angles. This corresponds to the case of e-near-zero25 and m-near-zero26 materials. Finally, at 1,530 nm wavelength, the phase accumulation is decreasing from th ...
... 1,450 nm wavelength, the phase accumulation along the ky axis remains nearly unchanged being close to zero for the entire range of incident angles. This corresponds to the case of e-near-zero25 and m-near-zero26 materials. Finally, at 1,530 nm wavelength, the phase accumulation is decreasing from th ...
The Diagnostics System at the Cryogenic Storage Ring CSR
... Figure 4: Intensity decrease during the scraper measurements. Scraper test measurements were performed at S-LSR with 40 keV 24 Mg+ ions. In the laser cooling mode, used at this beam time, the dispersion function at the scraper position is Dx = 1 m and the slip factor of the storage ring is η = 0.7. ...
... Figure 4: Intensity decrease during the scraper measurements. Scraper test measurements were performed at S-LSR with 40 keV 24 Mg+ ions. In the laser cooling mode, used at this beam time, the dispersion function at the scraper position is Dx = 1 m and the slip factor of the storage ring is η = 0.7. ...
Mendes, M. J., et al., Design of optimized wave
... The conventional LT approach is the insertion of textured surfaces at the rear or front of the solar cells, to diffuse light and thus increase its optical path length within the absorber layer [6–9]. In the last decade, a variety of more advanced strategies have been proposed employing: self-assembl ...
... The conventional LT approach is the insertion of textured surfaces at the rear or front of the solar cells, to diffuse light and thus increase its optical path length within the absorber layer [6–9]. In the last decade, a variety of more advanced strategies have been proposed employing: self-assembl ...
Liquid-gas transition of neon in quasi-one
... The accuracy of this approach has been checked for the energy in the case of He4 . 26 We performed the integral in two cases, Ne absorbed inside 共5,5兲 tubes forming a bundle, and the same species in the interchannels of a set of 共10,10兲 tubes. In this last configuration, the minimum distance between ...
... The accuracy of this approach has been checked for the energy in the case of He4 . 26 We performed the integral in two cases, Ne absorbed inside 共5,5兲 tubes forming a bundle, and the same species in the interchannels of a set of 共10,10兲 tubes. In this last configuration, the minimum distance between ...
X-ray fluorescence
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is the emission of characteristic ""secondary"" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays. The phenomenon is widely used for elemental analysis and chemical analysis, particularly in the investigation of metals, glass, ceramics and building materials, and for research in geochemistry, forensic science and archaeology.